本书是基于“新工科”背景应用型工程教育中人才培养模式要求编写而成的，从计算思维视角探索程序设计的过程和目标，其中设计的每个案例代表性都很强。本书共 12 章，内容包括引论、数据类型、运算符与表达式、输入与输出、顺序结构程序设计与执行、分支结构程序设计与执行、循环结构程序设计与执行、指针的定义与引用、数组与指针、模块化程序设计、结构体与链表、文件操作。本书既适合信息类相关人员了解程序设计与计算思维所用，又适合为非信息类相关人员提供信息理论与技术帮助。

当前，随着大数据、人工智能、云计算等新技术的发展，信息技术已经融入现代社会 生活的方方面面，深刻改变着人类的思维、生产、生活、学习方式，无处不在的计算思维 成为人们认识问题和解决问题的基本能力之一。新工科是在新一轮科技与产业变革的背景 下工程学科的一次重大战略改革，其内涵是以立德树人为引领，以应对变化、塑造未来为 建设理念，以继承与创新、交叉与融合、协调与共享为主要途径，培养未来多元化、创新 型卓越工程人才。 计算思维是指运用计算机科学技术去求解问题、设计和构造问题解决方案、模仿人的 行为进而代替人脑的思维活动。计算思维与程序设计思维有着紧密的联系，从解决问题方 法的角度来说，计算思维是从数据运动的角度去认识和理解世界的思想与方法。计算机是 数据处理和加工的工具，是思维实现的手段，因此，计算机科学的相关理论和技术是计算 思维解决问题的基础。来自不同领域的问题经过信息抽取和模型构建，以及计算平台的运 算，在得到解决的同时，也能加深人们对领域知识的理解。程序设计为求解问题提供了认 知领域知识的角度和计算平台，采用抽象技术实现了数据的定义、算法的描述、可行性验 证及自动处理等功能。在这个意义上，计算思维与程序设计的融合更多是从应用角度去寻 找问题的解决思路和方法，将计算机技术从思维高度彻底改造，实现以程序为载体，构建 起人与计算机之间的联系，不断创新计算机科学，促进新工科背景下计算机科学理论的新 发展。 本书体现了知识结构创新，通过程序设计的过程及素材探索计算思维的内涵，从多维 度展示计算机解决问题的艺术。本书共 12 章，设计了 70 个案例。引论介绍计算思维的内 涵、解决问题的过程，数据类型介绍数据从逻辑到物理的形式，运算符与表达式介绍运算 工具与运算过程，输入与输出介绍人机交互的含义和实现方法，顺序、分支、循环结构介 绍结构化程序设计的方法及执行，指针介绍指针的定义与引用，数组与指针介绍两者之间 的联系，模块化程序设计介绍工程化解决问题的方法与思路，结构体与链表介绍复杂数据 类型的数据加工和处理方法，文件操作介绍交互处理外部批量数据的方法。 本书采用“程序+注释”的结构，从定义、执行、传递、引用四个视角把“离散”的程 序设计案例有机地组织成作者想要表达的计算思维体。而且，每个案例都提供了解决问题 的多个视角，又从多个视角解决多个不同问题。书中所有程序都经过调试，命名方式友好， 充分考虑读者的喜好，读者在阅读时不会有障碍，在自己动手执行案例的同时，也可以对 案例进行引申和更新。 本书既适合信息类相关人员了解程序设计与计算思维所用，又适合为非信息类相关人 员提供信息理论与技术帮助。 由于作者研究方向不广，对相关领域认识和理解还不全面，书中难免存在不足之处， 希望广大读者批评指正。

第 1 章 引论····································1 案例 1：设计加法表 ·····················1 Prog1.1 ································1 Prog1.2 ································2 Prog1.3 ································3 Prog1.4 ································4 Prog1.5 ································5 案例 2：一组数据的“逆序”输出 ···5 Prog2.1 ································5 Prog2.2 ································6 Prog2.3 ································7 Prog2.4 ································7 Prog2.5 ································8 Prog2.6 ································9 第 2 章 数据类型 ··························.10 案例 3：求两个数的和 ···············.10 Prog3.1 ·····························.10 Prog3.2 ·····························.10 案例 4：整型数据 ·····················.11 Prog4.1 ·····························.11 Prog4.2 ·····························.12 Prog4.3 ·····························.12 Prog4.4 ·····························.13 案例 5：实型数据 ·····················.15 Prog5.1 ·····························.15 Prog5.2 ·····························.15 Prog5.3 ·····························.16 Prog5.4 ·····························.17 案例 6：字符型数据 ··················.17 Prog6.1 ·····························.17 Prog6.2 ·····························.18 Prog6.3 ·····························.18 Prog6.4 ·····························.19 Prog6.5 ·····························.20 Prog6.6 ·····························.21 Prog6.7 ·····························.21 第 3 章 运算符与表达式 ·················.23 案例 7：算术运算符与表达式······.23 Prog7.1 ·····························.23 Prog7.2 ·····························.23 Prog7.3 ·····························.24 Prog7.4 ·····························.25 案例 8：关系运算符与表达式······.26 Prog8.1 ·····························.26 案例 9：逻辑运算符与表达式······.27 Prog9.1 ·····························.27 Prog9.2 ·····························.28 Prog9.3 ·····························.28 Prog9.4 ·····························.29 案例 10：赋值运算符与表达式·····.30 Prog10.1 ····························.30 案例 11：逗号运算符与表达式·····.31 Prog11.1 ····························.31 第 4 章 输入与输出 ·······················.32 案例 12：整型数据输入··············.32 Prog12.1 ····························.32 案例 13：实型数据输入··············.33 Prog13.1 ····························.33 案例 14：字符型数据输入···········.34 Prog14.1 ····························.34 案例 15：数值型数据与字符型 数据混合输入··············.35 Prog15.1 ····························.35 案例 16：整型数据输出··············.36 Prog16.1 ····························.36 案例 17：实型数据输出··············.37 Prog17.1 ····························.37 案例 18：字符型数据输出···········.38 Prog18.1 ····························.38 案例 19：文件数据写入和读出·····.39 Prog19.1 ····························.39 第 5 章 顺序结构程序设计与执行 ·····.42 案例 20：顺序结构程序设计 与执行·······················.42 Prog20.1 ····························.42 案例 21：数据的交换·················.42 Prog21.1 ····························.42 Prog21.2 ····························.43 Prog21.3 ····························.44 Prog21.4 ····························.46 案例 22：四舍五入····················.48 Prog22.1 ····························.48 第 6 章 分支结构程序设计与执行 ·····.50 案例 23：分支结构程序设计 与执行·······················.50 Prog23.1 ····························.50 Prog23.2 ····························.51 Prog23.3 ····························.51 Prog23.4 ····························.54 案例 24：求数据的极值··············.56 Prog24.1 ····························.56 Prog24.2 ····························.57 案例 25：简单数据排序··············.59 Prog25.1 ····························.59 Prog25.2 ····························.60 案例 26：分段函数求解··············.61 Prog26.1 ····························.61 Prog26.2 ····························.62 Prog26.3 ····························.63 Prog26.4 ····························.64 案例 27：开关语句程序设计与 执行··························.65 Prog27.1 ····························.65 案例 28：学生成绩分析与设计·····.66 Prog28.1 ····························.66 案例 29：简易菜单设计··············.67 Prog29.1 ····························.67 第 7 章 循环结构程序设计与执行 ·····.69 案例 30：循环结构程序设计 与执行·······················.69 Prog30.1 ····························.69 Prog30.2 ····························.70 Prog30.3 ····························.71 案例 31：顺序结构与循环结构 ····.72 Prog31.1 ····························.72 案例 32：多重（嵌套）循环结构 程序设计与执行···········.73 Prog32.1 ····························.73 案例 33：求和问题····················.74 Prog33.1 ····························.74 Prog33.2 ····························.76 Prog33.3 ····························.78 Prog33.4 ····························.79 Prog33.5 ····························.80 案例 34：循环结构解决典型问题 ·.81 Prog34.1 ····························.81 Prog34.2 ····························.82 Prog34.3 ····························.84 Prog34.4 ····························.86 Prog34.5 ····························.87 Prog34.6 ····························.89 Prog34.7 ····························.90 Prog34.8 ····························.91 案例 35：钻石图的设计··············.92 Prog35.1 ····························.92 Prog35.2 ····························.95 Prog35.3 ····························.97 Prog35.4 ····························.99 第 8 章 指针的定义与引用 ·············.102 案例 36：指针的定义与含义 ······.102 Prog36.1 ···························.102 案例 37：指针的引用················.104 Prog37.1 ···························.104 Prog37.2 ···························.105 Prog37.3 ····························106 案例 38：指针的指针定义与 引用··························107 Prog38.1 ····························107 第 9 章 数组与指针 ·······················109 案例 39：数组的含义与定义········109 Prog39.1 ····························109 Prog39.2 ···························.110 Prog39.3 ···························.112 Prog39.4 ···························.113 案例 40：数组与指针················.115 Prog40.1 ···························.115 案例 41：指针运算···················.117 Prog41.1 ···························.117 Prog41.2 ····························120 Prog41.3 ····························123 案例 42：数组元素引用··············125 Prog42.1 ····························125 Prog42.2 ····························126 Prog42.3 ····························130 Prog42.4 ····························132 Prog42.5 ····························134 案例 43：多维数组与指针···········135 Prog43.1 ····························135 Prog43.2 ····························137 Prog43.3 ····························139 Prog43.4 ····························142 Prog43.5 ····························144 案例 44：多维数组解决经典 问题··························145 Prog44.1 ····························145 Prog44.2 ····························147 Prog44.3 ····························149 Prog44.4 ····························152 案例 45：字符数组与字符串········154 Prog45.1 ····························154 Prog45.2 ····························156 Prog45.3 ····························158 Prog45.4 ····························161 案例 46：数组数据处理综合 案例·························.162 Prog46.1 ···························.162 第 10 章 模块化程序设计···············.168 案例 47：库函数调用················.168 Prog47.1 ···························.168 Prog47.2 ···························.168 案例 48：形参与实参················.170 Prog48.1 ···························.170 案例 49：函数的返回值·············.172 Prog49.1 ···························.172 案例 50：函数调用···················.174 Prog50.1 ···························.174 Prog50.2 ···························.175 案例 51：和与积······················.177 Prog51.1 ···························.177 Prog51.2 ···························.179 案例 52：递归调用···················.180 Prog52.1 ···························.180 Prog52.2 ···························.182 案例 53：递归调用经典案例 ······.185 Prog53.1 ···························.185 Prog53.2 ···························.186 案例 54：数组、指针与模块化 ···.187 Prog54.1 ···························.187 Prog54.2 ···························.189 Prog54.3 ···························.191 案例 55：变量的作用域·············.192 Prog55.1 ···························.192 Prog55.2 ···························.194 案例 56：函数返回值为指针 ······.196 Prog56.1 ···························.196 案例 57：预编译处理················.197 Prog57.1 ···························.197 第 11 章 结构体与链表··················.199 案例 58：结构体类型与结构体 变量·························.199 Prog58.1 ···························.199 Prog58.2 ···························.201 案例 59：结构体变量与结构体 指针··························202 Prog59.1 ····························202 Prog59.2 ····························204 案例 60：结构体数组与指针········205 Prog60.1 ····························205 案例 61：结构体典型案例···········209 Prog61.1 ····························209 案例 62：链表··························210 Prog62.1 ····························210 Prog62.2 ····························213 案例 63：链表应用案例··············214 Prog63.1 ····························214 案例 64：共用体类型·················219 Prog64.1 ····························219 案例 65：枚举类型····················220 Prog65.1 ···························.220 案例 66：位运算······················.222 Prog66.1 ···························.222 Prog66.2 ···························.224 第 12 章 文件操作························.226 案例 67：文件的打开与关闭 ······.226 Prog67.1 ···························.226 案例 68：文件的读写················.228 Prog68.1 ···························.228 Prog68.2 ···························.229 Prog68.3 ···························.230 案例 69：文件的控制················.233 Prog69.1 ···························.233 案例 70：文件操作典型案例 ······.234 Prog70.1 ···························.234 参考文献 ····································.236