本书聚焦既有城市供热系统低碳清洁化演进技术研究，包括：室内供热系统分阶段降低运行参数，城市可再生能源多能互补低温区域供热系统及其热源；基于既有供热系统的低碳清洁化能源站设备的优化配置；基于既有区域能源系统的低碳清洁化热源的优化配置；建立了热电协同调度的优化模型等，为区域供热系统热电一体化调度提供了算法。本书为第四代区域供热系统奠定了基础。 本书可供城市供热、供电、可再生能源等专业的工程技术人员使用，也可作为高等学校师生的参考资料。

前言 中国已经向《联合国气候变化框架公约》递交了《强化应对气候变化行动——中国国家自主贡献》的文件，确定了碳排放在2030 年达到峰值，2060 年实现零碳排放的目标。2017 年国家发展和改革委员会、国家能源局等联合印发的文件《北方地区冬季清洁取暖规划（2017—2021 年）》中明确提出，到2021 年，北方地区清洁取暖率达到70%。研究表明，清洁能源绝大部分就是低碳甚至零碳能源，包括太阳能、风能、地热能、工业余热能、生物质能、核能等。到2022 年，距离清洁低碳的供热目标还很 遥远，这是为什么呢？ 2014 年，国外学者首次提出了第四代区域供热系统。第四代区域供热系统的基本特点就是低温供热和低能耗建筑有机结合。还有学者提出了第五代区域供热供冷系统。第五代区域供热供冷系统的主要特征是热媒的介质温度更低，接近周围土壤的温度，可以非常高效地利用各种余热和可再生能源，并且这些能源的利用成本很低。作者认为，我国之所以没有实现2021 年北方地区70%的低碳清洁取暖目标，重要原因之一是目前的供热系统，特别是城市热电联产集中供热系统的热媒温度高，这严重阻碍了这些低碳低品位清洁能源的应用，更谈不上高效应用和廉价应用。鉴于此，必须研究解决既有热电联产集中供热系统和室内供热系统的低温低碳清洁运行。随着建筑节能改造的深入进行，现有供热设备设施、供热 管网，逐渐向低碳、清洁、可再生能源多能互补低温区域供热系统过渡，向第四代区域供热系统过渡。只有这样，才能较好地解决可再生能源的品质和既有城市集中供热热媒温度不匹配的矛盾。才能打开低品位低碳清洁可再生能源供热应用的大门，为供热行业2060 年实现零碳排放的目标提供保障。 第2章研究了降温运行以后，散热器供暖系统存在的问题和解决方法，提出了随建筑节能改造的深入进行，室内供热系统温度先由75/50℃降低到50/40℃，待节能率为65%的建筑的散热器面积改造到满足室温要求后，保持散热器面积不变；节能率继续提高，直到大于75%后，温度再降低到45/35℃；待全部建筑节能率达88%以后，温度再降低到40/30℃。 第3 章提出了既有供热系统转化为多能互补低温区域供热系统的设想，重点介绍了单管区域供热系统、双管区域供热系统、三管区域供热系统的原则性系统图。 第4 章分析了基本热源、集中调峰热源、能源站、双向能源站。本章基于热源用能源性质等，推荐了哪些适合作为基本热源、哪些适合用作集中调峰热源、哪些可以作为能源站。本章重点提出了双向能源站原则性系统图。 第5 章针对既有供热系统进行了低碳清洁化改造——在既有管网新建能源站。本章提出基于整个供热系统供热季节净收益最大化的能源站设备容量优化计算模型，以及适宜的模式搜索算法，并分析讨论了能源净收益的影响因素，指出既有130℃的供水温度严重制约了热泵的运行小时数。 第6 章针对既有区域能源系统进行了低碳清洁化热源改造。本章提出了基于整个区域能源系统（包括各种发电机组、热电机组、供热机组等）供热季净收益最大化的清洁热源设备容量的优化计算模型，得出结论：供热季能源净收益最大化和总弃风最小的目标不一致。其中，电锅炉对于消纳风电最好，而电热泵经济性最好。 第7 章以特定的案例建立了稳态水力热力仿真模型。研究了管道蓄放热能力，包括提高供回水温度的蓄放热模式、增大循环流量的蓄放热模式、综合改变供回水温度和流量的蓄放热模式等。 第8 章研究了北方地区典型区域能源系统热电一体化协同调度。建立了区域能源系统热电一体化协同调度模型，提出了优化问题的目标函数和约束条件。针对特定案例进行仿真计算，对各机组的逐时供热供电功率尤其是风电并网电量及其变化规律进行了深入分析。 本书由王晋达撰写，由王晋达、周志刚、赵加宁统稿。由于作者学术水平有限，书中难免存在错漏之处，恳请各位读者批评指正！ 王晋达、周志刚、赵加宁 2022 年5 月4 日

目录 第1 章 绪论 ······································································.001 1.1 背景和意义 ····························································.002 1.1.1 碳达峰与碳中和 ··············································.002 1.1.2 风电发展与弃风 ··············································.002 1.1.3 清洁供热目标 ·················································.005 1.2 供热技术的现状与问题 ·············································.007 1.2.1 现行规范 ·······················································.007 1.2.2 高温热媒与低品位可再生能源 ···························.008 1.2.3 热力站间接连接 ··············································.010 1.2.4 要求热泵出水温度高 ········································.010 1.2.5 无补偿冷安装难以真正实现 ······························.011 1.3 推进低碳清洁供热技术的途径 ····································.011 1.4 研究现状与分析 ······················································.014 第2 章 既有散热器低温运行存在的问题及解决方法 ··················.017 2.1 低温运行存在的问题 ················································.022 2.1.1 散热器面积的变化 ···········································.022 2.1.2 室内温度的变化 ··············································.028 2.2 低温散热器的应用 ···················································.033 2.3 室内混合供热系统的应用 ··········································.035 2.3.1 散热器和地板辐射串联系统 ······························.035 2.3.2 散热器和毛细管串联系统 ·································.037 2.3.3 散热器和谷电协调供热·····································.037 第3 章 既有供热系统转化为多能互补低温区域供热系统 ············.039 3.1 单管区域供热系统 ···················································.042 3.1.1 单管系统的循环泵 ···········································.047 3.1.2 热量分配 ·······················································.048 3.1.3 用户供回水温度 ··············································.048 3.1.4 单管系统的主要特点 ········································.049 3.2 双管区域供热系统 ···················································.050 3.3 三管区域供热系统 ···················································.052 第4 章 多能互补低温区域供热系统热源 ·································.055 4.1 基本热源 ·······························································.056 4.1.1 区域性热力站 ·················································.056 4.1.2 低温核供热堆 ·················································.056 4.1.3 垃圾焚烧锅炉 ·················································.059 4.1.4 热电厂 ··························································.059 4.2 集中调峰热源 ·························································.060 4.2.1 生物质锅炉 ····················································.060 4.2.2 中深层地热能 ·················································.061 4.3 能源站 ··································································.062 4.3.1 布置在单管系统的双向能源站 ···························.063 4.3.2 布置在双管系统的双向能源站 ···························.067 4.3.3 布置在三管系统的双向能源站 ···························.071 第5 章 既有供热系统建设能源站设备的优化方法 ·····················.075 5.1 新建能源站系统配置 ················································.076 5.2 清洁供热系统的运行优化 ··········································.077 5.2.1 运行优化的目标函数 ········································.077 5.2.2 运行优化的约束条件 ········································.079 5.2.3 决策变量 ·······················································.082 5.3 能源站设备容量优化 ················································.082 5.3.1 设备容量优化目标函数·····································.082 5.3.2 设备容量优化的约束条件 ·································.084 5.3.3 设备容量优化的计算流程 ·································.085 5.4 能源站设备容量优化案例及讨论 ·································.085 5.4.1 综合计算条件 ·················································.086 5.4.2 遗传算法和模式搜索及其最优解 ························.088 5.4.3 热源各机组运行工况的对比分析 ························.090 5.4.4 分时电价和余热量的影响 ·································.096 第6 章 既有能源系统配置低碳清洁热源的优化方法 ··················.099 6.1 低碳清洁热源 ·························································.100 6.2 低碳清洁热源装机容量的优化模型 ······························.101 6.2.1 设备容量优化目标函数与约束条件 ·····················.101 6.2.2 区域能源系统机组的能耗计算 ···························.104 6.2.3 区域能源系统总能耗费的优化目标函数与约束条件 .107 6.2.4 优化计算流程 ·················································.111 6.3 低碳清洁热源设备优化配置案例 ·································.111 6.3.1 风电场风资源及风电功率 ·································.111 6.3.2 区域能源系统的电源和热源、电负荷和热负荷 ······.113 6.3.3 既有区域能源系统设备的供电、供热及系统弃风 ···.115 6.3.4 配置低碳清洁热源的区域能源系统的仿真计算 ······.117 第7 章 供热管网动态蓄放热特性研究·····································.121 7.1 供热管网的稳态水力工况和热力工况仿真 ·····················.122 7.1.1 管网物理结构的数学建模 ·································.122 7.1.2 管网的水力仿真模型 ········································.122 7.1.3 供热管网的稳态热力仿真模型 ···························.125 7.1.4 热力仿真模型求解流程·····································.130 7.2 一级供热管网简化热动态模型 ····································.131 7.3 供热管道蓄放热特性研究 ··········································.133 7.3.1 等额供热控制 ·················································.134 7.3.2 管道蓄热特征 ·················································.135 7.3.3 管道蓄放热模式 ··············································.135 7.4 综合改变温度和流量的蓄热量计算 ······························.138 7.4.1 一级供热管网蓄热量计算 ·································.138 7.4.2 集中供热调节和管道蓄热 ·································.139 第8 章 区域能源系统热电协同优化调度 ·································.143 8.1 简介 ·····································································.144 8.2 热电协同优化调度 ···················································.148 8.2.1 目标函数 ·······················································.148 8.2.2 约束条件 ·······················································.150 8.3 热电协同优化调度目标函数的求解 ······························.152 8.4 热电协同优化调度相关参数的设定 ······························.153 8.4.1 一级供热管网管道动态蓄放热特征参数 ···············.153 8.4.2 风电机组日发电功率模式与逐时电负荷 ···············.153 8.5 热电协同优化调度的仿真计算与分析 ···························.155 8.5.1 方案1 优化调度的仿真结果与分析 ·····················.156 8.5.2 方案1 反调峰模式下的调度结果与分析 ···············.156 8.5.3 电热泵和管道蓄放热的风电消纳效果 ··················.163 8.5.4 组合方案4 各机组逐时热电功率分析 ··················.164 参考文献 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