本书主要内容分为三部分：第一部分主要介绍微电网发展相关理论基础，主要由分布式电源及其控制系统建模：包括风、光、储、荷等微电网内部元件模型结构、运行特性；第二部分主要介绍基于机理模型的微电网等效建模，包括微电网整体等效简化方法和微电网等效模型及其参数辨识；第三部分主要介绍基于非机理模型的微电网等效建模，包括神经网络建模方法、特征模型建模方法等。

随着全球气候变暖和化石能源短缺问题的日益突出，可再生清洁能源的 开发利用越来越受到重视，而其中清洁能源的电力化是可再生清洁能源开发 利用的主要发展方向。风力发电、光伏发电等可再生能源发电技术及微电网 技术的迅速发展，为该类可再生能源的开发利用提供了技术支撑。 电力系统数字仿真是电力系统规划合理、运行安全和决策准确的根本保 障，而电力系统建模是电力系统数字仿真的基础。微电网是集分布式发电系 统、负荷、储能装置，通过合理的控制装置而形成的小型电力系统，微电网 的可控性使其接入相对灵活。微电网运行具有双重特性，既可以作为一个小 型电网独立运行，也可以作为大电网的一个有机单元并网运行。微电网的出 现大大提高了末端电力系统的供电可靠性，同时满足了对用户进行多元化的 供电、供热。大容量、高电压等级微电网系统大量接入，这对于电力系统规 划、运行和决策的影响不可忽视，因此研究大规模微电网接入对电力系统的 影响少不了微电网系统建模工作。鉴于此，笔者将所在团队近年来对微电网 建模研究的相关成果写入此书，希望对关心这一领域的广大电力工作者和研 究人员有所裨益。 本书研究工作得到了国家自然科学基金（No.51607057）和江苏省输配电 装备技术重点实验室的资助。书中大部分内容是团队的研究成果，对于他人 的成果书中均加以标注。团队中的刘昊林、陈洁等人参与了部分研究工作， 并撰写了书中部分小节。本书研究成果的取得，离不开导师鞠平教授的指导。 在本书写作过程中，虽然我们对内容、结构和文字表述尽了最大努力， 但由于笔者理论水平和实践经验有限，书中难免有不足和疏漏之处，请广大读者 批评指正，多提宝贵意见。 笔 者 2020 年 6 月

第 1 章 绪论······································································································1 1.1 引言·····································································································1 1.2 微电网发展概述··················································································2 1.2.1 国外微电网技术的发展 ··························································2 1.2.2 国内微电网技术的发展 ··························································6 1.3 微电网建模研究概述··········································································9 1.3.1 微电网建模难点······································································9 1.3.2 微电网建模趋势····································································11 参考文献····································································································12 第 2 章 微电网建模理论与方法·····································································14 2.1 引言···································································································14 2.2 微电网元件模型················································································14 2.2.1 风力发电系统········································································14 2.2.2 光伏发电系统········································································19 2.2.3 燃气轮机发电系统································································21 2.2.4 储能系统················································································23 2.2.5 负荷 ·······················································································24 2.3 微电网建模相关理论········································································27 2.3.1 可辨识性分析定义································································27 2.3.2 可辨识性分析方法································································29 参考文献····································································································33 第 3 章 微电网元件频率特性建模 ·································································36 3.1 引言···································································································36 3.2 考虑频率特性的感应电机模型·························································36 3.2.1 Park 模型 ···············································································36 3.2.2 等效模型················································································41 3.2.3 算例分析················································································43 3.3 微电网负荷频率建模········································································49 3.3.1 考虑频率特性的负荷模型 ····················································50 3.3.2 负荷模型的参数辨识 ····························································50 3.3.3 算例分析················································································53 参考文献····································································································56 第 4 章 微电网并网等效建模的化简方法······················································58 4.1 引言···································································································58 4.2 微电网系统及其仿真········································································58 4.2.1 微电网系统············································································58 4.2.2 仿真分析················································································59 4.3 微电网等效化简················································································65 4.3.1 网络化简················································································65 4.3.2 元件参数化简········································································67 ·VII. 4.4 算例分析 ···························································································76 参考文献····································································································81 第 5 章 基于物理模型的微电网等效建模······················································83 5.1 引言···································································································83 5.2 微电网并网机理等效模型 ································································83 5.2.1 等效电机元件········································································85 5.2.2 等效静态元件········································································89 5.2.3 微电网等效模型····································································89 5.3 微电网等效模型参数辨识 ································································91 5.3.1 模型参数················································································91 5.3.2 励磁电压等效········································································92 5.3.3 参数辨识················································································93 5.4 算例分析 ···························································································99 5.4.1 参数灵敏度分析····································································99 5.4.2 模型参数辨识······································································105 参考文献··································································································109 第 6 章 人工神经网络的微电网等效建模····················································110 6.1 引言·································································································110 6.2 人工神经网络··················································································110 6.2.1 人工神经网络概念······························································110 6.2.2 RBF 人工神经网络·····························································.111 6.3 RBF 人工神经网络的微电网等效建模 ··········································113 6.3.1 RBF 人工神经网络微电网等效模型···································114 6.3.2 RBF 人工神经网络微电网等效建模过程···························115 6.3.3 算例分析··············································································116 6.4 模糊 RBF 人工神经网络的微电网建模··········································122 6.4.1 模糊 RBF 人工神经网络概念·············································122 6.4.2 改进细菌觅食算法······························································123 6.4.3 建模过程··············································································125 6.4.4 算例分析··············································································128 参考文献··································································································133 第 7 章 基于 LSTM 神经网络的微电网等效建模 ·······································135 7.1 引言·································································································135 7.2 LSTM 神经网络··············································································136 7.2.1 LSTM 神经网络结构···························································136 7.2.2 LSTM 神经网络计算过程···················································137 7.3 微电网等效建模··············································································140 7.3.1 等效建模过程······································································140 7.3.2 神经网络训练······································································141 7.4 微电网运行的多场景划分 ······························································143 7.4.1 基于马尔可夫链的场景划分···············································143 7.4.2 基于 K-means 聚类的场景消减 ··········································144 7.5 仿真算例 ·························································································146 7.5.1 微电网运行场景构建 ··························································146 7.5.2 不同场景下微电网等效建模···············································152 参考文献··································································································156 第 8 章 基于特征模型的微电网等效建模····················································157 8.1 引言·································································································157 8.2 系统特征建模··················································································157 8.2.1 系统特征模型······································································159 8.2.2 模型系数··············································································160 8.2.3 基于多变量系统的特征模型···············································161 8.3 微电网等效建模··············································································162 8.3.1 微电网系统模型··································································162 8.3.2 微电网特征建模··································································163 8.3.3 等效模型参数辨识······························································165 8.4 算例分析 ·························································································166 8.4.1 测量数据采集······································································166 8.4.2 特征建模过程······································································167 参考文献··································································································169