物联网是新一代信息网络技术的高度集成和综合运用。大力推进物联网技术，进而实现智慧医疗发展目标，是本书要阐述的内容。全书共分12 章。第1 章介绍了医学信息学基础。第2 章和第3 章介绍了物联网在医疗卫生领域涉及的主要技术及基础设施。第4 章介绍了物联网在医院信息化建设中的应用。第5 章重点介绍了物联网与智慧化临床管理。第6 章介绍了物联网在医院管理中的应用。第7 章介绍了物联网在中医现代化中的应用。第8 章和第9 章讲述了物联网与公共卫生，以及物联网在医疗质量安全管理方面的应用。第10 章介绍了物联网在医院环境管理，如楼宇智能控制、智慧型手术室等方面的应用。第11 章讲述了物联网在医院物流，如药品流通、设备管理等方面的应用。第12 章为结语。本书从基础理论到技术应用，从医疗实践到流程优化，内容翔实，全面系统，可以作为医院管理者、医生和医技人员、研发部门、企业院校、软硬件开发人员，以及医疗设备生产使用的参考书。

物联网是一种通过射频识别（RFID）装置、红外感应器、全球定位系统、激光扫描器等信息传感设备，按约定的协议把任何物品与互联网相连接，进行信息交换和通信，以实现智能化识别、定位、跟踪、监控和管理的网络。自2006年起，国家金卡工程协调领导小组召集各行业信息化专家共同研讨物联网技术在我国的发展与应用，专家们一致认为，在物流、城市安防、智能电网、医疗卫生、智能交通、环境监测等方面，物联网具有广阔的行业应用前景。 卫生领域提出了物联网技术引领医疗信息化模式创新的战略规划。利用物联网技术构建电子医疗服务体系，可以为医疗健康领域带来四大便利。一是推广电子医疗可以使用较低的成本把现有的医疗监护设备无线化，进而大大降低公众的医疗负担。二是通过信息化手段实现远程医疗和自助医疗，有利于缓解医疗资源紧缺的压力，三是实现信息在医疗卫生领域各参与主体间共享互通，有利于医疗信息充分共享。四是有利于我国医疗服务的现代化，以及有利于提升医疗服务水平。 本书提供了实现智慧医疗所需要的基础理论、技术应用、路径和方法，主要特点与要点如下。 （1）帮助读者系统掌握医学信息学方法基础原理与基本技术。 （2）加强医院管理者对以物联网技术为支撑，赋能医院管理，提高对临床医疗质量、效率，以及作用的认知。 （3）给出了新型医院新系统建设、智慧化医院建设的管理方法，以及必须具备的基本功能。 （4）介绍了如何建立智慧化医院和智慧化社区卫生系统，以及如何实现健康档案与临床信息一体化。 （5）将医院信息化划分为三个层次，并给出了物联网在医院信息化中的定位和作用。 （6）医院信息系统已建设多年，如何突破创新，使医院信息系统更上一层楼，达到院长、管理者、医务人员、医技人员的最佳满意状态，满足患者的医疗服务需求？物联网为实现智慧医疗提供了有力支撑。掌握医院规范的管理流程、运营模式，能够帮助读者针对传统的医疗服务模式的局限和不足给予优化、创新和提升。 （7）介绍了各种先进技术、物联网、RFID电子标签，为医院的相关科室、管理部门如何利用相关技术的基本流程、方法和原则，提供了智能化的技术应用手段，引导医生在原有的诊疗方式上去创新，使用更先进的数字化手段提升诊断水平。 （8）从医院物资、设备、重要器材，到医院各类文献、院史、文化资源的管理，本书都提供了新型的技术手段。 （9）强调了可穿戴设备、机器人、人工智能在临床诊疗中的实用性和可操作性。 （10）强调了信息标识的准确性和唯一性。要针对相关人员、物品进行唯一标识，建立避免重复和遗漏的全闭环管理和节点控制。 （11）针对重点应用给出了技术规范路径指导。 （12）对于医院物资、贵重物品，甚至各种物品进行了精确管理，做到万物可联、万无一失。 （13）运用物联网及智能化管理，杜绝医疗安全隐患，包括人员安全、设备安全、手术安全等，在医院管理的各环节实现智能化的控制。实现从临床到管理、从设备到后勤的全过程、全周期的管理智慧化。 （14）利用物联网技术实现一卡多用、多卡合一。优化对于医院就诊卡的管理和利用，包括人事管理、后勤管理等。 （15）提出运用系统工程的思维实现医院的全方位高效能的智慧化管理。 本书的主要创新点如下。 （1）创新性地提出了智能化电子病历的概念及其5个应具备的特征，是电子病历系统提升和应该达到的新目标、新标准，也是新一代电子病历研发制造的方向和目标，可以从源头上为建设智慧化医院奠定基础，是智慧化医院电子病历应该达到的基本要求 （2）创新性地提出了智慧化临床路径，并且明确了智慧化、智能化的医疗的初衷和终极目标。 （3）提出了利用物联网技术促进中医药发展，如运用物联网及感知技术来研究中医传统的望、闻、问、切，实现由定性到定量的数字化信息采集、处理和分析，进而将传统中医药的精华和智慧发扬光大。 （4）将物联网应用作为建设良好的医院环境的技术支撑，并就医院中的能源管理及双碳减排进行了阐述，如医院智能化控温、医院智能化控电，以及医院智能化安防系统等。 本书对于医疗行业所涉及的各领域，以及各领域所涉及的各部门、各环节如何建设全新型、智慧化的医疗体系进行了阐述，对建立新型智慧化医院，提供智能型医疗服务，加强医院医疗质量、环境安全，实现数字化转型具有重要意义。希望物联网技术的应用，可以加速实现我国智慧化医院建设，实现新时期医院高质量发展目标，让智慧医疗为人们提供更全面、更精准、更高效的医疗服务。 本书可以作为研究机构和企业研发物联网技术、智慧化医院管理系统，以及推进智慧医疗、智慧化临床医技科室建设的参考书；也可以作为医疗机构在智慧化医疗建设、物联网技术应用方面，选择系统设备、软硬件产品的参考依据；还可以作为医院院长和管理者进行现代化医院管理、智慧型医院建设的“手边书”；同时，可以作为院校培养智慧型医疗人才的学习教材。本书各章内容既相对独立，又相互关联，读者可以根据需要自行选择章节阅读。 在此，感谢国家金卡工程协调领导小组办公室各位同仁为推进我国物联网应用所做出的贡献！感谢为本书付出辛劳的每一位工作人员！由于时间仓促，书中难免有不足之处，敬请读者见谅并指正。

第１章 医学信息学基础 .............................................................................. 001 1.1 医学信息学的基本理论 ················································.001 1.1.1 医学信息学的内涵 ··············································.001 1.1.2 医学信息学的研究内容 ········································.002 1.2 医院信息系统 ····························································.003 1.2.1 概念 ································································.003 1.2.2 功能划分 ··························································.004 1.2.3 社区卫生服务信息系统 ········································.007 1.2.4 电子病历 ··························································.009 1.3 健康档案概述 ····························································.010 1.3.1 健康档案管理信息系统 ········································.011 1.3.2 健康信息的采集 ·················································.011 1.3.3 健康档案管理信息系统的建立和管理 ······················.013 1.4 健康信息的共享与发展 ················································.015 第２章 物联网在医疗卫生领域应用涉及的主要技术 ............................ 018 2.1 通信技术 ··································································.018 2.1.1 ZigBee 技术 ·······················································.018 2.1.2 WiFi 技术 ·························································.022 2.1.3 5G 通信技术 ······················································.023 2.1.4 蓝牙技术 ··························································.024 2.2 识别技术 ··································································.026 2.2.1 条码技术 ··························································.026 2.2.2 RFID 技术 ·························································.028 2.3 传感技术 ··································································.030 2.4 信息处理技术 ····························································.031 2.5 医院实施应用 ····························································.032 第３章 物联网在医疗卫生领域的应用基础设施 ................................... 034 3.1 概述 ········································································.034 3.2 物联网的系统构成 ······················································.035 3.2.1 DCM 架构 ·························································.035 3.2.2 医疗卫生领域的物联网DCM 关系 ··························.035 3.3 感知层 ·····································································.036 3.3.1 RFID 单元和感知设备 ··········································.036 3.3.2 智能卡 ·····························································.037 3.3.3 传感识别和传感网 ··············································.038 3.3.4 RTLS ·······························································.040 3.3.5 激光扫描识别单元和感知设备 ·······························.040 3.4 通信网络层 ·······························································.041 3.4.1 有线通信网络 ····················································.041 3.4.2 无线通信网络 ····················································.042 3.4.3 网络平台 ··························································.042 3.5 应用管理层 ·······························································.044 3.5.1 中间件 ·····························································.044 3.5.2 数据管理和云计算 ··············································.045 3.5.3 系统集成 ··························································.045 3.6 公共技术 ··································································.046 3.6.1 标识与解析技术 ·················································.046 3.6.2 安全技术（认证与加密） ·····································.047 3.6.3 网络管理和服务质量管理 ·····································.047 第４章 物联网与医院信息化建设 ........................................................ 049 4.1 概述 ········································································.049 4.2 医院物联网技术建设发展现状········································.050 4.3 物联网是医院信息化建设的基础平台 ·······························.051 4.4 物联网在医院信息系统的应用········································.052 4.4.1 门（急）诊管理系统 ···········································.052 4.4.2 住院管理系统 ····················································.052 4.4.3 医技管理系统 ····················································.053 4.4.4 检验信息管理系统 ··············································.053 4.4.5 血库管理系统 ····················································.054 4.4.6 临床信息系统 ····················································.055 4.4.7 护理信息系统 ····················································.055 4.4.8 远程手术、麻醉信息管理系统 ·······························.056 4.4.9 病案管理系统和移动电子病历系统 ·························.057 4.4.10 重症或重点患者管理系统 ····································.057 4.5 物联网在智慧医疗中的业务应用 ·····································.058 4.5.1 挂号分诊排队叫号系统 ········································.058 4.5.2 临床呼叫系统 ····················································.058 4.5.3 手术示教系统 ····················································.059 4.5.4 ICU 病房探视系统 ··············································.059 4.5.5 远程医疗系统 ····················································.060 4.5.6 远程会诊 ··························································.060 4.5.7 远程医疗咨询 ····················································.061 4.5.8 远程手术 ··························································.061 4.5.9 远程听诊 ··························································.061 4.5.10 智能专家系统 ···················································.062 4.6 物联网在医院运营管理信息化中的应用 ····························.063 4.6.1 设备管理系统 ····················································.063 4.6.2 物资、材料管理系统 ···········································.064 4.6.3 医学文献管理系统 ··············································.064 4.7 综合布线系统 ····························································.065 4.7.1 机房工程系统 ····················································.065 4.7.2 无线网络覆盖系统 ··············································.066 4.7.3 门禁屏障系统 ····················································.066 4.7.4 安全防范系统 ····················································.067 第5 章 物联网与智慧化临床管理 ........................................................ 068 5.1 概述 ········································································.068 5.2 智能化电子病历 ·························································.069 5.3 智慧化临床路径管理 ···················································.070 5.4 可穿戴设备、机器人、人工智能在临床治疗中的应用 ·············.071 5.5 RFID 在门（急）诊管理系统中的应用 ·····························.072 5.5.1 门（急）诊就诊管理系统的运行现状 ······················.072 5.5.2 物联网技术的应用目标 ········································.072 5.5.3 工作流程优化 ····················································.073 5.5.4 技术分析 ··························································.073 5.6 RFID 在患者管理系统中的应用 ······································.074 5.6.1 技术应用目标 ····················································.074 5.6.2 系统功能 ··························································.074 5.7 RFID 在婴儿防盗系统上的应用 ······································.075 5.7.1 系统组成 ··························································.075 5.7.2 系统实现 ··························································.076 5.7.3 工作流程 ··························································.076 5.8 重点患者监护及定位系统 ·············································.077 5.8.1 应用目标 ··························································.077 5.8.2 系统原理 ··························································.077 5.8.3 系统组成 ··························································.078 5.8.4 系统功能 ··························································.078 第6 章 物联网在医院管理中的应用 .................................................... 079 6.1 概述 ········································································.079 6.1.1 现状与问题 ·······················································.079 6.1.2 医院资产管理 ····················································.080 6.1.3 血液管理 ··························································.081 6.1.4 医疗废物管理 ····················································.082 6.1.5 医院消毒物品管理 ··············································.083 6.1.6 其他应用 ··························································.084 6.2 物联网在员工管理领域的应用········································.085 6.2.1 概述 ································································.085 6.2.2 基于物联网技术的医院一卡通技术 ·························.086 6.2.3 门禁管理 ··························································.091 6.2.4 重要患者管理应用 ··············································.091 6.3 全院移动设备定位和监控系统········································.092 6.4 消毒供应中心监控系统 ················································.093 6.5 门禁系统 ··································································.095 6.6 办公区域安全管理系统 ················································.096 6.6.1 系统介绍 ··························································.096 6.6.2 系统控制 ··························································.096 6.6.3 系统功能 ··························································.096 第7 章 物联网与中医现代化 ............................................................... 098 7.1 概述 ········································································.098 7.2 物联网在中医现代化中的应用········································.099 7.2.1 物联网感知中药材追溯 ········································.099 7.2.2 物联网在中医把脉中的应用 ··································.099 7.2.3 基于物联网的中医临床科研信息系统 ······················.101 7.2.4 基于物联网技术的煎药室质量管理系统 ···················.103 7.2.5 基于物联网的中医古籍管理 ··································.104 第8 章 物联网与公共卫生 .................................................................. 106 8.1 概述 ········································································.106 8.2 疫情管理与急性传染病患者监测 ·····································.107 8.3 防疫场所的智能识别、检测及自动消杀处理 ······················.108 8.4 建立公共卫生智慧管理系统平台 ·····································.108 第9 章 物联网在医疗质量安全管理方面的应用 .................................. 110 9.1 概述 ········································································.110 9.2 医疗急救管理 ····························································.110 9.3 血液信息管理 ····························································.111 9.4 移动门诊输液管理系统 ················································.113 9.5 生命体征动态监测系统 ················································.115 9.6 新生儿防盗与母婴配对管理系统 ·····································.117 9.7 移动临床护理系统 ······················································.118 9.8 药品的监控管理 ·························································.120 9.9 临床医疗护理管理 ······················································.121 9.10 住院患者行踪定位及报警系统 ······································.124 9.11 其他应用 ·································································.125 第10 章 物联网与医院环境 ................................................................ 127 10.1 概述 ·······································································.127 10.2 楼宇智能控制与能源管理 ············································.128 10.2.1 楼宇自控系统的功能 ··········································.128 10.2.2 楼宇自控系统的设计 ··········································.129 10.3 医院数字化供电设备管理 ············································.133 10.4 医院及病房温控系统 ··················································.134 10.5 医院涉密资产出入管理 ···············································.134 10.6 医院智慧消防平台 ·····················································.135 10.7 防盗报警系统 ···························································.135 10.8 电梯远程监控系统 ·····················································.137 10.9 电话遥控系统 ···························································.138 10.10 医院安全监控 ·························································.139 10.10.1 医院监控的必要性 ···········································.139 10.10.2 基本设计思想 ·················································.140 10.10.3 视频监控组成 ·················································.141 10.11 智慧型手术室 ··························································.146 10.11.1 手术室简介 ····················································.146 10.11.2 手术室基本要求 ··············································.146 10.11.3 基于物联网的智慧手术室 ··································.147 10.12 智能停车场管理系统 ················································.149 10.12.1 车位引导系统 ·················································.150 10.12.2 系统工作流程 ·················································.151 10.13 应急管理 ·······························································.153 10.13.1 应急照明 ·······················································.153 10.13.2 应急照明的设计 ··············································.154 10.13.3 智能应急照明 ·················································.154 10.13.4 应急广播 ·······················································.155 10.14 智能病房 ·······························································.156 第11 章 物联网与医院物流 ........................................................................ 157 11.1 国外医院物流发展现状 ···············································.157 11.2 国内医院物流发展现状 ···············································.158 11.3 物联网技术与医院物流 ···············································.159 11.3.1 医院物流系统基本结构 ·······································.159 11.3.2 物联网技术在药品流通中的应用 ···························.160 11.3.3 物联网技术在设备管理中的应用 ···························.162 11.3.4 物联网技术在医用耗材管理中的应用 ·····················.164 11.3.5 物联网技术在标本管理中的应用 ···························.166 第12章 结语 ......................................................................... 169