
本书对供应链这一关键领域进行了全方位的深入介绍。尤其值得指出的是,作者结合自身多年的经验和研究成果,从管理视角探讨了有效管理整合供应链框架下的采购职能。本书分为五大部分:采购与供应链管理导论,采购运作与结构,战略采购,战略采购流程,关键的供应链要素。书中给出了丰富的实际案例,涉及多个行业。本书可用做高校教材,也中作为企业管理人员的参考书和培训用书。
The Sixth Edition of Purchasing and Supply Chain Management reflects the ever- changing face of supply management and the increased recognition in boardrooms of organizations across every industry. The challenges experienced by organizations are calling for a new type of supply manager with many different capabilities. Students seek- ing to pursue a career in supply management may choose to focus on one or more of these areas as they consider where in supply management they wish to focus.
? Internal Consultant—Ability to connect, listen, and deliver business value to in- ternal stakeholders. Building a strong P2P system to drive improved procurement transaction excellence and driving results that matter to the business.
? Market Intelligence & Cost Modeling Analytics—Deployment of total cost analytic modeling and cost to serve capabilities, application of analytical cost modeling approaches for decision support, and building supply market intelli- gence data gathering and knowledge dissemination capabilities. Deep knowledge and understanding of macro economic forces and ability to relate them to future market movements and forecasts.
? Financial Acumen—Knowledge of currency, capital markets, and contribution of procurement to P&L and balance sheet. Ability to contribute to CFO and other financial leadership discussions and debates. Ability to build logistics cost mod- els, understand contribution of supply management to capitalization, facility productivity, and other key metrics.
? Risk Mitigation—Knowledge of different sources of risk, ability to build risk pro- files, link recognition of risks to risk mitigation and scenario planning, and un- derstanding how to manage disasters when they occur. Building a business case for risk mitigation planning.
? Supplier Coach—Ability to deploy supplier development to drive improvement in high-need categories or regions, especially in emerging countries where local content is required. Becoming a customer of choice and driving improvement in supplier capabilities. Harnessing supplier innovation and developing solutions to stakeholder requirements.
? Relationship Broker—Managing teams in multicultural environments, managing virtual teams, and understanding pros and cons of different organizational mod- els (centralization vs. decentralization). Working with global engineering teams and understanding of technical knowledge. Managing outsourced relationships and services. Driving supplier innovation and linking to internal teams.
? Legal Expertise—Building relational contracts, understanding legal contractual language, terms and conditions, legal clauses, and vernacular. Building good price and cost modeling indices for contracting, and managing risks and rewards through improved contract structure. Best practices in on-going contract man- agement. Managing conflicts that emerge post-contract signing. Dealing with IP issues when working with suppliers.
? Talent Management—Building a pipeline of leadership and supply management expertise, mentoring, and leadership development.
The Sixth Edition emphasizes these competencies through new material and emphasis on traditional competencies that have become more important recently. This new edition
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includes a number of new topics, including cases in health care, oil and gas, and financial ser- vices, industries that have downplayed the role of strategic supply management in the past.
In addition, some of the subjects that are newly introduced or expanded upon in this edition include:
? Cross-functional teaming
? Procurement analytics
? Application of mobile technologies in the supply chain
? Supplier integration into new product development
? Software as a service applications for procurement
? Social networking and cloud applications
? The role of “big data” in procurement
? Supplier development
? Cost modeling and market intelligence
? The role of procurement logistics in globalization
? “Should cost” modeling
? Supplier collaboration for cost savings ideas
? Negotiation simulations
? Contracting and Internet law
? Supply chain risk management
? Sustainability in the supply chain
? The importance of labor and human rights in procurement contracts and codes of conduct
? The role of transportation infrastructure and government regulation in global logistics
? Public procurement and acquisition
? Crowd-sourcing and open innovation
? Impact of sourcing strategies on revenue, capital asset management, and share price of the enterprise
? Deployment of category management
? Expanded and comprehensive cases, sourcing snapshots, and good practice examples pulled from direct interviews with senior procurement executives
We are proud of this new edition and believe that it reflects many themes that are only beginning to emerge in industries worldwide.
Course Description
Purchasing and Supply Chain Management is intended for college and university courses that are variously titled purchasing, materials management, supply chain management, sourcing management, supply management, and other similar titles. The text is also well suited for training seminars for buyers, and portions of it have been used in executive education forums. Chapters have been used in both undergraduate and M.B.A. classes in supply management, business strategy, operations management, and logistics. Some in- structors may also elect to apply sections of the book to undergraduate or graduate classes in operations management.
The text is appropriate for either an elective or a required course that fulfills AACSB Inter- national: The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business requirements for cover- age of supply chain management issues. Most of the cases included in the book are based on actual companies and all were adapted and modified through classroom use by the authors.
Course Objectives
Depending on the placement of a course in the curriculum or the individual instructor’s philosophy, this book can be utilized to satisfy a variety of objectives:
1. Students should be made aware of the demands placed on purchasing and supply chain managers by business stakeholders, both internally and externally to the firm.
2. As prospective managers, students need to understand the impact of purchasing and supply chain management on the competitive success and profitability of mod- ern organizations.
3. Students should appreciate the ethical, contractual, risk management, sustainabil- ity, and legal issues faced by purchasing and supply chain professionals.
4. Students must understand the increasingly strategic nature of purchasing, espe- cially the fact that it involves much more than simply buying goods and services.
5. Students entering or currently in the workforce must understand the influence of purchasing on other major functional activities, including product design, infor- mation system design, e-commerce, manufacturing planning and control, inven- tory management, human resource development, financial planning, forecasting, sales, quality management, and many other areas.
Unique to This Edition
Many of the insights and topics presented throughout this book are based on examples developed through discussions with top purchasing executives and from various research initiatives, including research published by CAPS Research, work at the North Carolina State University Supply Chain Resource Consortium, and a project on supplier integra- tion funded by the National Science Foundation. The text also has a chapter format that includes an opening vignette, a set of sourcing snapshots, and a concluding good practice example that illustrates and integrates each chapter’s topics. New and updated vignettes and examples, discussion questions, and additional readings provide up-to-date illustra- tions of the concepts presented in each chapter. In addition, as mentioned earlier, a number of new or enhanced topics are included.
The concept of cross-functional teaming and collaboration is emphasized throughout this book. Therefore, many of the case exercises require a team effort on the part of stu- dents. We recommend that the instructor have students work in teams for such projects to prepare them for the team environment found in most organizations.
Structure of the Book
This book is subdivided into six parts and twenty chapters that provide thorough cover- age of purchasing and supply chain management.
Part 1: Introduction
Chapter 1 introduces the reader to purchasing and supply chain management. This chapter defines procurement and sourcing, introduces the notion of the supply chain, and summarizes the evolution of purchasing and supply chain management as an organiza- tional activity.
Part 2: Purchasing Operations and Structure
The chapters in Part 2 provide an in-depth understanding of the fundamentals sur- rounding the operational activity called supply management. These chapters focus primarily on the fundamentals of purchasing as a functional activity. Without a solid un- derstanding of purchasing basics, appreciating the important role that purchasing can play is difficult.
Chapter 2 provides an overview of the purchasing process by presenting the objectives of world-class purchasing organizations, the responsibilities of professional purchasers, the purchasing cycle, and various types of purchasing documents and types of purchases. In addition, this chapter now includes health care and services supply management case examples and snapshots. The Procure-to-Pay (P2P) cycle has been updated with new re- search in the process.
Chapter 3 examines various categories and types of purchasing policy and procedure. Ethical issues in procurement are emphasized here. This chapter includes updates on cor- porate social responsibility and sustainability as a component of purchasing policy and procedures as well as an updated list on the best companies for social responsibility and diversity in procurement.
Chapter 4 examines purchasing as a boundary-spanning function. Much of what pur- chasing involves requires interacting and working with other functional areas and suppli- ers. This chapter examines the intra-firm linkages between purchasing and other groups, including suppliers.
Chapter 5 focuses on purchasing and supply chain organization. This includes a discus- sion of purchasing in the organizational hierarchy, how the purchasing function is orga- nized, and the placement of purchasing authority, including the center-led approach. The chapter also describes the team approach as part of the organizational structure.
Part 3: Strategic Sourcing
A major premise underlying this book is that purchasing is a critical process and makes as important a contribution as manufacturing, marketing, or engineering to the pursuit of a firm’s strategic objectives. Progressive firms have little doubt about purchasing’s impact on total quality, cost, delivery, technology, and responsiveness to the needs of external customers. Part 3 addresses what firms must do to achieve a competitive advantage from their procurement and sourcing processes. Realizing these advantages requires shifting our view of purchasing from a tactical or clerically oriented activity to one focusing on strategic supply management. This type of management involves developing the strate- gies, approaches, and methods for realizing a competitive advantage and improvement from the procurement and sourcing process, particularly through direct involvement and interaction with suppliers.
Chapter 6 develops an understanding of how firms set purchasing strategies and cat- egory management. This process should include a vision and plan of what a firm must do
in its purchasing/sourcing efforts to support the achievement of corporate goals and objec- tives. Clearly, the category strategy development process should be the starting point for any discussion of strategic supply management. This chapter contains an updated section on strategic category management, reflecting the latest developments in the field. There are also discussions of insourcing versus outsourcing as a component of strategy, with ex- amples featuring Boeing Corporation, illustrating how the economic recession is impact- ing category management strategies. There is also a new section on how to perform market intelligence and risk assessments for category management, as well as fresh information on stakeholder engagement.
Chapter 7 focuses on one of the most important processes performed by firms today— supplier evaluation, selection, and measurement. Selecting the right suppliers helps ensure that buyers receive the right inputs to satisfy their quality, cost, delivery, and technology requirements. Choosing the right suppliers also requires doing due diligence via supplier visits. Performing the selection process correctly creates the foundation for working closely with suppliers while continually enhancing performance.
Chapter 8 describes how a progressive and proactive buying firm incorporates supplier quality into its supplier selection and supplier performance evaluation processes. Improv- ing supplier quality can also create substantial tactical and strategic competitive advantages that may not be available to competing firms. Six Sigma, ISO 9000, and ISO 14000 appli- cations have been updated, and there are new sections on The Seven Wastes (Honda’s BP process) and Basic Contents of a Supplier Quality Manual.
Chapter 9 describes what firms must do to manage and develop world-class supply-base performance. A focus on supplier development, managing supply base risk, and sustain- ability in the supply chain is provided. New sections to this chapter include Managing Sup- ply Base Risk and Managing Sustainability in the Supply Base.
Finally, Chapter 10 focuses on worldwide sourcing, which is an important part of strate- gic supply management as firms search globally for the best resources.
Part 4: Strategic Sourcing Process
Chapter 11 focuses on strategic cost management, cost/price analysis, and target costing. Progressive firms focus on cost control and reduction with suppliers as a way to improve (i.e., reduce) purchase price over time. This chapter details various types of costs, presents cost analysis techniques, and discusses the factors that affect a supplier’s price. The chapter also discusses total cost analysis, cost-based pricing, use of pricing indicators for category management and other innovative techniques designed to provide accurate and timely cost data. New sections on both strategic cost management and target costing at Honda of America and pricing indicators for different categories are included, as well as best practice research on strategic cost management based on a 2009 study.
Purchasing professionals rely on an assortment of tools, techniques, and approaches for managing the procurement and supply chain process.
Chapter 12 presents various quantitative tools that purchasers use when problem solv- ing and pursuing performance improvements. Process mapping, value analysis, price break analysis, and the learning curve can help purchasers achieve specific outcomes such as re- ducing cost/price, improving quality, reducing time, or improving delivery performance from suppliers.
Chapter 13 deals with supply management negotiation. Effective supply managers must know how to plan for and negotiate value-adding contracts within a buyer-seller relationship. Increasingly, procurement contracts emphasize far more issues than simply purchase price. Buyers and sellers may negotiate cost reductions, delivery requirements, higher quality levels, payment terms, access to technology, or anything else important to the parties. The Negotiation Framework in Supply Management section has been revised, and The Impact of Electronic Media on Negotiations has been updated and expanded.
Chapter 14 addresses the fundamentals of contracting. The formal contracting process creates the framework for conducting business between two or more firms. As such, an understanding of contracting is essential when attempting to manage costs within a buyer- seller relationship. Contract management best practices are viewed in light of recent events and supply chain risk.
Chapter 15 addresses the major legal considerations in purchasing, including the legal authority of the purchasing manager. The chapter also discusses sources of U.S. law, war- ranties, purchase order contracts, breaches of contract, and patent and intellectual prop- erty rights. Because contracting is a part of the legal process, this chapter naturally follows the contracting chapter.
Part 5: Critical Supply Chain Elements
Part 5 describes the major activities that relate to or directly support supply chain man- agement. Some of these activities involve specific disciplines, such as inventory manage- ment or transportation; other activities relate to the development of supply chain support systems. These systems include performance measurement systems and computerized in- formation technology systems. The activities presented in this part may or may not be a formal part of the purchasing organization. These activities and systems, however, are key elements of purchasing and supply chain management.
Without them, purchasing most likely cannot pursue its goals and objectives effectively.
Therefore, purchasing students must be familiar with a range of supply chain activities.
Chapter 16 focuses on overall lean thinking in supply management, including the management of a firm’s inventory investment. The money that a firm commits to inventory usually involves a significant commitment of financial resources. This chapter discusses the function of inventory within a firm, factors leading to inventory waste, creating a lean supply chain, approaches for managing a firm’s inventory investment, and future trends related to managing inventory.
The purchase of transportation and other services is another important supply consid- eration. We have witnessed major changes in transportation over the last two decades or so, many of which have affected supply management. Since Congress deregulated the U.S. transportation industry in the early 1980s, the role of the buyer has changed dramatically. More than ever, supply management is involving itself in the evaluation, selection, and management of transportation modes and carriers. Even if a buyer does not get involved directly with transportation, having a working knowledge of this dynamic area is critical.
Chapter 17 highlights supply management’s role in procuring transportation, as well as services buying, presents a decision-making framework for developing a transportation procurement strategy, discusses ways to control and influence inbound transportation, and evaluates trends affecting the purchase of transportation services, such as performance- based logistics. Four sections in this chapter have been revised or updated.
Information technology systems are changing business. Purchasing, too, can benefit from the development of current information technology systems.
Chapter 18 examines the role of technology in supply chain information systems and electronic commerce. The chapter addresses the newer Internet-based electronic linkages between firms as well as traditional electronic data interchange (EDI). The chapter also dis- cusses the impact of social networking, blogs, and cloud computing in addition to advanced and future e-purchasing and supply systems’ applications. The use of information technol- ogy systems greatly enhances supply management’s ability to operate at the highest levels of efficiency and effectiveness.
Chapter 19 focuses on performance measurement and evaluation with a new emphasis on innovation sourcing and an update on trends. Increasingly, firms must develop valid measurement systems that reveal how well a firm is performing, including the perfor- mance of its purchasing and supply chain management efforts. These systems need to be clearly linked to overall company objectives. Measurement systems support procurement and sourcing decision making by providing accurate and timely performance data. This chapter examines why firms measure performance, defines various purchasing perfor- mance measurement categories, and discusses how to develop a purchasing performance measurement system, including a balanced scorecard. In this chapter, data on supply strategy performance results has been updated.
Preface xix
About the Authors xxvi
Part 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 1 Introduction to Purchasing and Supply Chain Management 3
Introduction 6
A New Competitive Environment 7
Why Purchasing Is Important 8
Increasing Value and Savings 8
Building Relationships and Driving Innovation 8 Improving Quality and Reputation 9
Reducing Time to Market 10 Managing Supplier Risk 10 Generating Economic Impact 10
Contributing to Competitive Advantage 10 Understanding the Language of Purchasing and Supply Chain Management 11
Purchasing and Supply Management 11 Supply Chains and Value Chains 13 Supply Chains Illustrated 14
Achieving Purchasing and Supply Chain Benefits 17 The Supply Chain Umbrella-Management Activities 18
Purchasing 18
Inbound Transportation 18
Quality Control 18
Demand and Supply Planning 19
Receiving, Materials Handling, and Storage 19 Materials or Inventory Control 19
Order Processing 19
Production Planning, Scheduling, and Control 19 Shipping/Warehousing/Distribution 20
Outbound Transportation 20
Customer Service 20
Four Enablers of Purchasing and Supply Chain Management 20
Capable Human Resources 20 Proper Organizational Design 22
Real-Time Collaborative Technology Capabilities 22 Right Measures and Measurement Systems 23
The Evolution of Purchasing and Supply Chain Management 24
Period 1: The Early Years (1850–1900) 24
vi
Period 2: Growth of Purchasing Fundamentals (1900–1939) 25
Period 3: The War Years (1940–1946) 25
Period 4: The Quiet Years (1947–Mid-1960s) 25
Period 5: Materials Management Comes of Age (Mid-1960s– Late 1970s) 26
Period 6: The Global Era (Late 1970s–1999) 27
Period 7: Integrated Supply Chain Management (The Twenty- First Century) 27
Looking Ahead 28
Part 2 Purchasing Operations and Structure 37
Chapter 2 The Purchasing Process 39
Introduction 41
Purchasing Objectives 42
Objective 1: Supply Assurance 42
Objective 2: Manage the Sourcing Process Efficiently and Effectively 43
Objective 3: Supplier Performance Management 43 Objective 4: Develop Aligned Goals with Internal Stakeholders 44
Objective 5: Develop Integrated Supply Strategies That Support Business Goals and Objectives 44
Strategic Supply Management Roles and Responsibilities 45
Spend Analysis 46
Demand Management and Specifications/SOW’s 46 Category Management and Supplier Evaluation/Selection 47 Contract Management 48
Cost Management 48
Managing the Procure-to-Pay Process 49 Supplier Relationship Management 49 Establish a Supply Management Strategy 50
Improving the Procure-to-Pay Process 51 Forecast and Plan Requirement 54 Needs Clarification: Requisitioning 55
Purchase Requisitions/Statement of Work 55 Traveling Purchase Requisitions/Bar Codes 57 Forecasts and Customer Orders 58
Reorder Point System 58 Stock Checks 59
Cross-Functional Sourcing Teams 60 Description 61
Supplier Identification and Selection 62 Bidding or Negotiating? 62
Request for Quotation 64 Specifications or Blueprints 64 Evaluate Suppliers 64
Approval, Contract, and Purchase Order Preparation 65
Purchase Order 65
Blanket Purchase Order 68 Material Purchase Release 68 Receipt and Inspection 70 Material Packing Slip 71
Bill of Lading 71
Receiving Discrepancy Report 72 Invoice Settlement and Payment 72 Records Maintenance 72
Continuously Measure and Manage Supplier Performance 72 Reengineering the Procure-to-Pay Process 73
Types of Purchases 73
Raw Materials 74
Semifinished Products and Components 74 Production Support Items 75
Services 75
Capital Equipment 75
Transportation and Third-Party Purchasing 76 Improving the Purchasing Process 76
Online Requisitioning Systems from Users to Purchasing 77 Procurement Cards Issued to Users 77
Electronic Purchasing Commerce through the Internet 78 Longer-Term Purchase Agreements 78
Cloud-Based Ordering Systems 78 Purchasing Process Redesign 79 Electronic Data Interchange 81
Online Ordering through Electronic Catalogs 81 Allowing Users to Contact Suppliers Directly 81
Chapter 3 Purchasing Policy and Procedures 86 Introduction 88
Policy Overview 88
What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Policies? 88 What Makes for an Effective Policy? 89
Purchasing Policies—Providing Guidance and Direction 90
Policies Defining the Role of Purchasing 90
Policies Defining the Conduct of Purchasing Personnel 92 Policies Defining Social and Minority Business Objectives 92 Corporate Social Responsibility 98
Policies Defining Buyer-Seller Relationships 99
Other Policies Dealing with Buyer-Seller Relations 101 Policies Defining Operational Issues 101
Purchasing Procedures 104
Purchasing Procedural Areas 106
Chapter 4 Supply Management Integration for Competitive Advantage 114 Introduction 117
Integration: What Is It? 119 Internal Integration 120
Supply Management Internal Linkages 121
External Integration 125
Supply Management’s External Linkages 126 Collaborative Buyer-Seller Relationships 126 Advantages of Closer Buyer-Seller Relationships 127 Obstacles to Closer Buyer-Seller Relationships 128
Critical Elements for Supplier Relationship Management 128
The Critical Role of Cross-Functional Sourcing Teams 130 Benefits Sought from the Cross-Functional Team Approach 132
Potential Drawbacks to the Cross-Functional Team Approach 134
When to Form a Cross-Functional Team 134 Improving Sourcing Team Effectiveness 135
Integrating Supply Management, Engineering, and Suppliers to Develop New Products and Services 140
Common Themes of Successful Supplier Integration Efforts 140
Supplier Integration into Customer Order Fulfillment 146 Supplier Suggestion Programs 146
Buyer-Seller Improvement Teams 147 On-Site Supplier Representative 148
Potential Benefits of On-Site Supplier Representatives 149
Chapter 5 Purchasing and Supply Management Organization 157 Introduction 160
P/SM Organizational Structure 161
Location of Authority Centralized or Decentralized 162
Drivers Influencing the Adoption of Centralized/Center-Led or Decentralized Structures 162
Advantages of Centralized/Center-led Purchasing Structures 163
Advantages of Decentralized Purchasing 165
Organizational Mechanisms to Enable Center-led Organization Design 166
Purchasing’s Position within the Organizational Structure 171
To Whom Does Purchasing/Supply Management Report? 171 Factors Affecting Purchasing’s Position in the Organizational Hierarchy 171
Scope of the Purchasing/Supply Management Job Function 174
Purchasing/Supply Management Job Tasks 175 Separating Strategic and Operational Purchasing 177 Using Teams as Part of the Organizational Structure 177
Supply Chain Management Structure 180 Future Trends in Organizational Design 180
Part 3 Strategic Sourcing 189
Chapter 6 Category Strategy Development 191
Introduction 193
Aligning Supply Management and Enterprise Objectives 194
Integrative Strategy Development 195
Engaging Stakeholders to Build Category Strategy Objectives 196
What Is a Category Strategy? 199
Difference Between Category Strategies and Strategic Sourcing 200
Conducting a Spend Analysis 201 Spend Analysis Spreadsheet 202
Category Strategy Development 208
Step 1: Build the Team and the Project Charter 208 Step 2: Conduct Market Intelligence Research on Suppliers 213
Step 3: Strategy Development 218
Process 224
Step 4: Contract Negotiation 228
Step 5: Supplier Relationship Management 229
Types of Supply Management Strategies 230
Insourcing/Outsourcing 230 Supply Base Optimization 231 Supply Risk Management 231
Early Supplier Design Involvement 235 Supplier Development 235
Total Cost of Ownership 236
E-R everse Auctions 236
Phase 1: Basic Beginnings 237
Phase 2: Moderate Development 238
Phase 3: Limited Integration 238
Phase 4: Fully Integrated Supply Chains 239
Observations on Supply Management Strategy Evolution 239
Chapter 7 Supplier Evaluation and Selection 245 Introduction 247
The Supplier Evaluation and Selection Process 248
Recognize the Need for Supplier Selection 248
Identify Key Sourcing Requirements 249 Identify Potential Supply Sources 249
Current Suppliers 250
Sales Representatives 250
Internet Searches and Social Media 250
Informational Databases 251
Organizational knowledge 251
Trade Journals 251
Trade Directories 252
Trade Shows 252
Second-Party or Indirect Information 252 Internal Sources 252
Determine Sourcing Strategy 254 Consider Sourcing Alternatives 255 Manufacturer vs. Distributor 255
Local or National or International Suppliers 255 Large or Small Suppliers 255
Categorizing Suppliers for Multiple or Single or Sole Sourcing 256
Evaluate Critical Issues 257 Size Relationship 257
Risk/Reward Issues 257
Sustainability and Diversity Objectives 258 Competitors as Suppliers 258
International Suppliers and Countertrade 258 Limit Suppliers in Selection Pool 258 Supplier Risk Management 259
Evaluation of Supplier Performance 261 Evaluation of Supplier-Provided Information 261 Determine the Method of Supplier Evaluation
and Selection 261
Supplier-Provided Information 261
Supplier Visits 262
Use of Preferred Certified and Partnered Suppliers 263
Third-Party Information 264
Select Supplier and Reach Agreement 264 Key Supplier Evaluation Criteria 264 Management Capability 265
Employee Capabilities 265
Cost Structure 266
Total Quality Performance, Systems, and Philosophy 266 Process and Technological Capability 266
Sustainability and Environmental Compliance 267 Financial Stability 269
Scheduling and Control Systems 269 E-Commerce Capability 270
Supplier’s Sourcing Strategies, Policies, and Techniques 271 Longer-Term Relationship Potential 271
Developing a Supplier Evaluation and Selection Survey 272 Step 1: Identify Supplier Evaluation Categories 272
Step 2: Assign a Weight to Each Evaluation Category 273 Step 3: Identify and Weigh Subcategories 273
Step 4: Define a Scoring System for Categories and Subcategories 274
Step 5: Evaluate Supplier Directly 274 Step 6: Review Evaluation Results and Make Selection Decision 276
Step 7: Review and Improve Supplier Performance Continuously 277
Reducing Supplier Evaluation and Selection Cycle Time 278
Map the Current Supplier Evaluation and Selection Process 278
Integrate with Internal Customers 278
Data Warehouse Software with Supplier Information 278 Third-Party Support 279
Integrating Technology into Organizational Design 279 Supplier Categorization 279
Electronic Tools 279
Predefined Contract Language and Shorter Contracts 279
Chapter 8 Supplier Quality Management 285
Overview of Supplier Quality Management 287
What Is Supplier Quality? 287
Why Be Concerned with Supplier Quality? 289 Factors Affecting Supply Management’s Role in Managing Supplier Quality 290
Supplier Quality Management Using a Total Quality Management Perspective 292
Defining Quality in Terms of Customers and Their Requirements 292
Deming’s 14 Points 293
Pursuing Quality at the Source 296
Stressing Objective Rather than Subjective Measurement and Analysis 298
Emphasizing Prevention Rather Than Detection of Defects 298
Focusing on Process Rather than Output 300 Basics of Process Capability 301
Striving for Zero Defects 302 Cost of Quality 303
The Seven Wastes 304
Establishing Continuous Improvement as a Way of Life 305 Making Quality Everyone’s Responsibility 306
Pursuing Six Sigma Supplier Quality 308
Using ISO Standards and MBNQA Criteria to Assess Supplier Quality Systems 309
ISO 9001:2008 Standards 310
ISO 14001:2004 Standards 312
The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award 313
Basic Contents of a Supplier Quality Manual 315
Part 4 Strategic Sourcing Process 407
Chapter 11 Strategic Cost Management 409
Introduction 411
A Structured Approach to Cost Reduction 412 Price Analysis 418
Market Structure 418
Economic Conditions 419 Pricing Strategy of the Seller 420
Market-Driven Pricing Models 421
Using the Producer Price Index to Manage Price 423
Cost Analysis Techniques 426 Cost-Based Pricing Models 426 Product Specifications 427
Estimating Supplier Costs Using Reverse Price Analysis 427 Break-Even Analysis 431
Break-Even Analysis Example 433
Building a Should-Cost Model 435
Step 1: Conceptual Design 436
Step 2: Refine and Derive Elements of the Cost Model 437 Step 3: Design and Construction of Cost Model 437
Step 4: Identify Data Sources for the Model 439 Supplier Provided Data 440
Total Cost of Ownership 441
Building a Total Cost of Ownership Model 441 The Importance of Opportunity Costs 442
Important Factors to Consider When Building a TCO Model 444
Example of a TCO Model 444
Collaborative Approaches to Cost Management 445
Target Pricing Defined 446
Cost-Savings Sharing Pricing Defined 447 Prerequisites for Successful Target and Cost-Based
Pricing 447
When to Use Collaborative Cost Management Approaches 448
An Example of Target Pricing and Cost-Savings Sharing 448
Chapter 12 Purchasing and Supply Chain Analysis: Tools and Techniques 459
Introduction 462
Project Management 462
Defining Project Success 462 Project Phases 463
Project Planning and Control Techniques 466
Rules for Constructing a Project Management Network 468 Project Management Example: Sourcing Strategy 469 Project Management with Time Estimates 470
Learning-Curve Analysis 474
Components of the Learning or Experience Curve 475 When to Use the Learning Curve 475
Learning Curve Illustrated 476 Learning-Curve Problem 477
Value Analysis/Value Engineering 477
Who Is Involved in Value Analysis? 479
Tests for Determining Value in a Product or Service 479 The Value Analysis Process 480
Quantity Discount Analysis 481
Quantity Discount Analysis Illustrated 482
Process Mapping 484
Value Stream Mapping 485
Chapter 14 Contract Management Introduction 535 Elements of a Contract 533
537
How to Negotiate and Write a Contract 542 Types of Contracts 543
Fixed-Price Contracts 544
Fixed-Price Contract with Redetermination 545 Fixed-Price Contract with Incentives 545
Cost-Based Contracts 545
Considerations When Selecting Contract Types 547
Long-Term Contracts in Alliances and Partnerships 549
Benefits of Long-Term Contracts 549 Risks of Long-Term Contracts 551
Contingency Elements of Long-Term Contracts 552
Nontraditional Contracting 553 IT Systems Contracts 553 Consulting Contracts 555
Construction Contracts 557 Other Types of Contracts 558
Settling Contractual Disputes 559
Legal Alternatives 560
Arbitration 561
Other Forms of Conflict Resolution 562
Part 5 Critical Supply Chain Elements 617
Chapter 16 Lean Supply Chain Management 619 Introduction 621
Understanding Supply Chain Inventory 622
Types of Inventory 622 Inventory-Related Costs 624
Inventory Investment—Asset or Liability? 625
The Right Reasons for Investing in Inventory 629 Avoid Disruptions in Operational Performance 629 Support Operational Requirements 629
Support Customer Service Requirements 630 Hedge against Marketplace Uncertainty 630 Take Advantage of Order Quantity Discounts 630
The Wrong Reasons for Investing in Inventory 631
Poor Quality and Material Yield 631 Unreliable Supplier Delivery 632
Extended Order-Cycle Times from Global Sourcing 632 Inaccurate or Uncertain Demand Forecasts 632 Specifying Custom Items for Standard Applications 633 Extended Material Pipelines 633
Inefficient Manufacturing Processes 633
Creating the Lean Supply Chain 635 Six Sigma 637
The Lean Perspective on Inventory 638
Lean Supply 640
Lean Transportation 641
Just-in-Time Kanban Systems 643
Approaches for Managing Inventory Investment 644
Achieve Perfect Record Integrity 645 Improve Product Forecasting 646
Standardize and Simplify Product Design 646 Leverage Companywide Purchase Volumes 648
Use Suppliers for On-Site Inventory Management 649 Reduce Supplier-Buyer Cycle Times 649
Delivering the Perfect Customer Order 650 Material Requirements Planning System 650 Distribution Resource Planning System 651 Supply Chain Inventory Planners 651 Automated Inventory Tracking Systems 652
Chapter 17 Purchasing Services 657
Introduction 659
Transportation Management 659
Deregulation of Transportation and Supply Management’s New Role 661
A Decision-Making Framework for Developing a Transportation Strategy 663
Current Transportation Issues 676 Performance-Based Logistics 678
Outsourcing Logistics to Third-Party Logistics Providers 680
Select Providers 680
Gain Access to Critical and Timely Data 682
Develop Systems Visibility to Material Shipments 682 Develop Closer Relationships with Fewer Providers 682 Establish Companywide Contracts 683
Purchasing Services and Indirect Items 683
Internal Methods of Managing Indirect Spend 684 External Methods of Managing Indirect Spend 686 Enabling Tactics and Strategies 686
Sourcing Professional Services 688
Have a Clearly Defined Scope 689
Move to a Centralized Procurement Structure 689 Develop a Professional Services Database 690
Develop a Sound Procedure for Evaluation and Selection of Consultants 691
Optimize the Supply Base 691 Develop a Standardized Contract 692 Monitor Results 692
Develop Policy Compliance 692 Service Supply Chain Challenges 693
Chapter 18 Supply Chain Information Systems and Electronic Sourcing 700 Introduction 703
Evolution of E-SCM Systems 704
An Overview of the E-Supply Chain 705
Supply Chain Information Flows 706
Drivers of New Supply Chain Systems and Applications 711 Internal and External Strategic Integration 712 Globalization and Communication 712
Data Information Management 712 New Business Processes 712 Replacement of Legacy Systems 712 Strategic Cost Management 713
Internal Information Systems—Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) 713
Implementing ERP Systems 715
Purchasing Databases and Data Warehouses 717 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)—Pioneering External Electronic Communication 719
The Electronic Order Process 719 EDI and the Internet 720
E-S ourcing Basics 721
E-Sourcing Models—The External Information Systems 721
E-Sourcing Suites—General 722
E-Sourcing Suites—Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) 722
Spend Analysis 722
Sourcing 723
Contract Management and Compliance 728 Risk Management and Supplier Performance Measurement 728
Total Cost Reporting 729
Internal and External Systems Integration 729
Social Networking Software in SCM—Improving Collaboration and Visibility 730
Professional Networking Software in SCM 732 Blogs, Tweets, and Cloud Computing 733
Information Visibility in SCM 735 Benefits of Information Visibility 735 Information Visibility in the Cloud 736
Collaboration and Big Data 737
Chapter 19 Performance Measurement and Evaluation 746 Introduction 749
Purchasing and Supply Chain Performance Measurement and Evaluation 749
Why Measure Performance? 750
Problems with Purchasing and Supply Chain Measurement and Evaluation 751
Purchasing and Supply Chain Performance Measurement Categories 752
Price Performance Measures 754 Cost-Effectiveness Measures 756
Revenue Measures 757
Quality Measures 758
Time/Delivery/Responsiveness Measures 758 Technology and Innovation Measures 759 Environmental Sustainability Measures 760
Asset and Integrated Supply Chain Management Measures 761
Administration Efficiency/Overhead Cost Measures 762 Governmental/Social Measures 763
Safety Measures 763
Internal Customer Satisfaction Measures 763
Supplier, Risk, and Strategic Performance Measures 764 Strategic Performance Measures 764
Developing a Performance Measurement and Evaluation System 765
Determine Which Performance Categories to Measure 766 Develop Specific Performance Measures 766
Establish Performance Objectives for Each Measure 768 Finalize System Details 769
Implement and Review System Performance and Measures 770
Performance Benchmarking: Comparing Against the Best 770
Benchmarking Overview 770 The Benchmarking Process 772
Balanced Scorecard for Purchasing and Supply 774 A Summary of Purchasing Measurement and Evaluation Characteristics 775
System Characteristics 775
Human Resource Characteristics 776
本书是国际著名供应链管理教授的理论与实践结合的经典教科书。美国采购协会(APS)职业资格认证CAP/CPP/CPPM指定教材。从管理视角总结了在供应链环境下对采购职能进行有效管理所要求的核心任务及面临的主要问题,强调跨职能团队和协作的概念,具有很强的针对性和实践操作性。
罗伯特?B.蒙茨卡(Robert M. Monczka,):亚利桑那州立大学杰出供应链管理教授,密歇根州立大学供应链管理学教授。他还担任CAPS研究机构的战略采购和供应链战略研究主任。