
改革开放以来,跨国公司在我国得到前所未有的发展,同时也给中国企业带来巨大的机遇和挑战。本书提出了跨国公司与中国企业互动发展范式,指出互动发展是跨国公司与中国企业协调共生的共同要求,深入分析了互动发展的运行机制、核心能力、内在要求和主要途径,全面剖析了互动发展在市场、产业和技术层面的具体表现,并从宏观和微观角度对互动发展的前景进行了预期。本书可供政府相关部门决策者、中外企业管理者及科研院所研究者阅读借鉴。
摘要
经过改革开放20多年的发展,跨国公司在华投资已经进入全方位阶段,投资力度强化,投资项目系统化,投资方式多样化,对中国经济的各个领域产生了重大影响,尤其是对作为跨国公司竞争者的中国企业,其影响更为深远。中国企业能否积极应对跨国公司的挑战,抓住机遇,趋利避害,在竞争合作中发展壮大,增强竞争优势,直接决定中国企业乃至中国经济的前途命运。本书以跨国公司与中国企业相互影响、相互作用的关系为视角,提出互动发展范式。
从理论发展看,自20世纪60年代以来,西方学者从不同角度对国际直接投资进行了大量探讨,提出了一系列有价值的学说,如垄断优势理论、内部化理论、折中理论等,形成跨国公司主流理论。这些理论虽对跨国公司在华投资动因具有一定适用性,但其实质是优势禀赋论,没有考虑吸资方主体的行为,具有片面性。而且,其“与生俱来”的各种优势禀赋,在中国现实的市场环境中越来越不适应。80年代以来,跨国公司战略管理理论开始重视市场竞争和竞争对手的情况,研究重心从存在机制转向发展机制。沿着这一思路,本书认为,互动发展是跨国公司与中国企业优势互补和协调共生的基础。
从实践要求看,跨国公司在华投资是循序渐进、逐步深入的。在投资经营过程中,为克服信息不完全,适应中国的市场经营环境,跨国公司需要与中国企业形成互动,适应全球化竞争趋势,取得网络协同效应,利用资源互补性,应对产品市场周期缩短,减少交易成本,发挥组织学习效应,从而实现在华投资经营目标。中国企业面临跨国公司的竞争压力和合作机遇,积极寻求互动发展,争取填补市场空白并扩大市场总量,实现产业结构升级和优化,获得先进技术等经济成效和改革体制、改良资产、优化组织管理、转变经营观念等非经济成效。因此,互动发展是跨国公司与中国企业的共同要求。
互动发展范式提出了互动发展的运行机制、核心能力、内在要求和主要途径。竞争博弈和合作博弈是互动发展的运行机制,互动以合作的手段实现增强竞争优势的目的; 学习能力是互动发展的核心能力,要从互动中获利,掌握互动发展主动权,中国企业要建成学习型组织; 文化融合是互动发展的内在要求,跨国公司在华投资面临跨文化难题,要提高在华投资经营的效率和协调性,顺应互动发展的要求,跨国公司有一个文化理解、适应和兼容的融合过程; 战略联盟是互动发展的主要途径,它能帮助互动双方实现不同的互动目的,鉴于战略联盟的高失败率,要加强对战略联盟的认识和管理。
互动发展具体内容体现在各个层面。在市场层面,跨国公司对中国企业具有市场挤出的刚性,市场占有速度快、潜力大,构筑市场进入壁垒,具有绝对品牌优势,但也在中国形成垂直专业化分工的价值链模式,中国企业获得链入跨国公司全球价值链,获取自身市场空间的机会; 在产业层面,跨国公司借助股权安排和品牌优势实施产业控制,但也提供了产业梯度转移和产业关联的契机,中国企业可以通过技术创新和聚集效应,增强产业关联,实现产业带动; 在技术层面,跨国公司出于技术垄断本性,使中国企业面临技术依赖、技术非适应性甚至技术陷阱的困境,但也通过竞争效应、示范效应、合作效应对中国企业进行技术转移,中国企业还可以利用跨国公司在华“寡占反应”投资,加速技术转移。
互动发展前景包括宏观影响因素预期和微观调整预期。从宏观上看,中国的政治环境、市场环境、基础设施、生产要素、产业结构调整、资本需求、人才供给等宏观因素变量,有利于形成和推动互动发展,存在“双赢”效果的良好预期。从微观上看,互动发展要求跨国公司进行战略调整,为快速有效地进入中国市场,并购式投资成为主旋律; 为获得中国社会最大限度的认可、取得竞争优势,本土化战略日益明显; 为实现投资项目系统化和投资管理一体化,“中国区”地位进一步提高,地区总部定位初见端倪。互动发展对中国企业也产生深远影响,表现为中国企业确定了开放自主的发展模式,整体实力得到提升,迈出了国际化经营的步伐。
关键词 跨国公司中国企业互动发展
ABSTRACTABSTRACT
It is over 20 years since China has carried out reforming & opening up policy. During that time,MNEs have invested in almost every field of Chinese economy. And now,it has reached one comprehensive stage,on which the investment has been strengthened,systematized and diversified,so that they can make great influences on nearly every aspect of Chinese economy,especially on Chinas enterprises,which are the competitors of MNEs. Whether Chinas enterprises can make good use of this chance and strengthen themselves in this competition plays the key role in the future of Chinese economy. This book puts forward interactive development theory on the point of the relation and influence between MNEs and Chinas enterprises.
In the respect of development of theory,since the 1960s,the western scholars have researched a lot about the different aspects of FDI and set up a series of valuable theories,such as the monopolization advantage theory,internalization theory,the eclectic paradigm,which formed the principal theory about MNEs. These theories suit for the motivation of investment in China to some extent,but its substance is predominance endowment,which doesnt take into account the actions of the invested. And with its all born predominance endowment,it became more and more unsuitable to the Chinese market environment on practice. Since the 1980s,the strategy management theory of MNEs has paid much attention to the situations of marketing competition and competitors. Meanwhile,their research focus converted from existing system to developing system. Following this thought,this book advocates that the interactive development is the basis of the mutual complement and development between MNEs and Chinas enterprises.
In the respect of demand of practice,MNEs made their investments in China step by step. During the processes of investment,MNEs need to cooperate with Chinas enterprises to adjust to the globalization trend. By means of that,they can get over the disadvantage on lacking of information for suiting to China. In general,there are many advantages about that,including supplementing resources of each other,shortening the market cycle of products and reducing their costs,so that they can realize their goals of investing and developing in China. At the same time,while facing the competing pressure and cooperation opportunities from MNEs,Chinas enterprises keep seeking the chance for interactive development. They try to fill in the blanks in market and increase their total market,realize the industry structure upgrade,get advanced technologies on the economic field. Interactive development also do help for reforming system,improving the quality of capital,optimizing organization and management,transforming the concept of business on the uneconomic field. Therefore,interactive development becomes the common demand for development of both MNEs and Chinas enterprises.
The interactive development theory advances the operating system,core ability,inherent requirement and principal ways of interactive development. Competing game and cooperating game are the operating system of this theory. By means of cooperation,interactive development can realize the target of strengthening its competing power. As learning ability is the core ability of the interactive development,Chinas enterprises must set up one studying organization to profit from the interactive development and gain the initiative of interactive development. The inherent requirement of interactive development is the merging of different cultures. There is no doubt that MNEs have difficulty in dealing with Chinese culture,so they must face one merging process of understanding and getting used to Chinese culture as long as they desire to improve their efficiency and coordination in developing and investing. The principal way of interactive development is strategic alliances,which can help the both sides of interactive development to achieve their respective goals,but owing to the high failure rate,we must strengthen the knowledge and management about the strategic alliances.
The contents of interactive development theory are incarnated in the following aspects. In market aspect,MNEs have rigidity of market crowding out,can possess market rapidly and potentially,build the bulwark of market entering,while it also has absolute advantage of brands. At the same time,they also develop a pattern of value chain of vertical specialization,by which,Chinas enterprises may have a chance to get into MNEs global value chain and acquire market room. In industry aspect,while MNEs control the industry by stock property and the advantage of brands,they provide a chance of industrial transfer and industrial linkages. Chinas enterprises could strengthen industrial linkages and achieve industrial drive by technology innovation and agglomeration effect. In technology aspect,because of the nature of MNEs technology monopoly,Chinas enterprises must face the dilemma of technology dependence,technology unadaptability and technology trap. But MNEs may also transfer technology to Chinas enterprises by competition effect,demonstration effect and cooperation effect. Moreover,Chinas enterprises could make use of MNEs investment of “oligopolistic reaction”in China to accelerate technology transfer.
The prospect of interactive development includes macrofactor anticipation and microadjustment anticipation. On macroscopic view,macrofactor variables,such as political environment,market environment,infrastructural facilities,production factors,adjustment of industrial structure,capital demand,supply of human resource,are beneficial to engendering and promoting interactive development and conducing good anticipation of“doublewin”effect. On microscopic view,interactive development requires MNEs adjusting their strategies. In order to enter Chinas market rapidly and effectively,merger & acquisitions becomes a leading mode. To acquire admittance of China society to the greatest extent,the localization strategy is increasing visibly. To accomplish systematization of investment items and integration of investment management,MNEs promote the position of“China area”,the China district headquarters is beginning to emerge. Interactive development has also a farreaching influence to Chinas enterprises,which represents the following aspects: the development pattern of opening & selfreliance,the promotion of whole strength and internationalization management.
Keywords: MNEChinas enterpriseInteractive development
第1章引言
1.1研究的背景
1.2国内外研究动态
1.2.1国外研究现状
1.2.2国内研究现状
1.3研究的理论意义与实践价值
1.3.1研究的理论意义
1.3.2研究的实践价值
1.4研究的思路与方法
1.4.1研究的思路
1.4.2研究的方法
1.5研究的创新
第2章跨国公司与中国企业互动发展的理论基础
2.1跨国公司主流理论的适用性
2.1.1市场不完全与垄断优势
2.1.2内部化理论中的交易成本优势
2.1.3国际生产折中理论中的三优势模式
2.2跨国公司理论新进展的合理性
2.2.1价值链理论中的整合协调
2.2.2战略性对外直接投资理论中的“寡占反应”
2.3跨国公司互动发展理论的提出
2.3.1跨国公司主流理论的缺陷
2.3.2跨国公司战略管理理论的启示
2.3.3互动发展理论需要回答的问题
第3章跨国公司与中国企业互动发展的实践要求
3.1跨国公司在华投资发展阶段及特点
3.1.1跨国公司在华投资发展历程
3.1.2跨国公司在华投资特点
3.2跨国公司与中国企业互动发展的共同要求
3.2.1跨国公司互动发展的要求
3.2.2中国企业互动发展的要求
第4章跨国公司与中国企业互动发展的范式
4.1互动发展运行机制: 竞争合作博弈
4.1.1互动发展中的竞争博弈
4.1.2互动发展中的合作博弈
4.2互动发展核心能力: 学习能力
4.2.1学习能力是跨国公司互动优势的源泉
4.2.2学习型组织是中国企业互动的基础
4.3互动发展内在要求: 文化融合
4.3.1跨文化管理问题的提出
4.3.2互动发展中文化融合的实现
4.4互动发展主要途径: 战略联盟
4.4.1战略联盟是互动双赢的有效选择
4.4.2提高互动发展中战略联盟的效率
第5章跨国公司与中国企业互动发展的表现
5.1跨国公司与中国企业在市场层面的互动
5.1.1市场挤出刚性与价值链合作安排
5.1.2链入价值链,寻求自身市场空间
5.2跨国公司与中国企业在产业层面的互动
5.2.1产业控制本质与产业关联契机
5.2.2促进关联,实现产业带动
5.3跨国公司与中国企业在技术层面的互动
5.3.1技术制约特性与技术转移效应
5.3.2利用“寡占反应”,加速技术转移
第6章跨国公司与中国企业互动发展的前景
6.1互动发展的宏观预期
6.1.1互动发展的宏观因素变量
6.1.2互动发展的预期效果论证
6.2互动发展的微观预期
6.2.1互动发展中跨国公司的调整
6.2.2互动发展对中国企业的影响
结束语
参考文献
后记