本书通过讲故事的形式，以简洁明快的语言和通俗易懂的叙事方式，将商法的相关知识和实操重点表述出来，同时配上法条链接，增加图书的指引性。此外，本书还插入了配套的漫画，优化读者的阅读体验。本书可作为律师、公司法务人员等法律从业者快速、高效了解相关领域知识的学习材料，也可以作为对此领域感兴趣的公司管理人员、会计等工作者的学习读物。

秒 懂 企 业 法

II

识。最终，这又导致专业化的法律服务通常不再是廉价的商品，由此也增强了

法律知识大众化的障碍。但是，法律知识最终是要以服务人民、服务社会为目

的的，因此我们也呼唤能有人将专业化的法律知识转化为大众化的知识。本书

作者在这一领域耗费了大量心血：大众对于法律的情感与认知往往是个案化的，

因此作者以问题为导向，安排了各种妙趣横生的法律故事，并对其作出合理、

清晰的解答；大众对于法律制度的存在形态是陌生的，因此作者在解答问题的

基础上，又辅以相应的规范，使得法律知识能够与法律条文相联结。

很高兴看到本书作者—年轻的蔡玮律律师正在做这样一件有价值的事

情，他2019年从复旦大学法学院本科毕业，毕业后的这几时间里始终以“精法律、

通外语、懂经济”的标准严格要求自己，秉持“让普通人看得懂法律，让法律

贴近生活”的理念组织编写“秒懂法律”系列书籍，学以致用、孜孜不倦。在

本书之前，蔡玮律陆续组织编写了《秒懂经济法》和《秒懂知识产权法》。作

为复旦法学院教师，我们对本书的顺利出版及其作者的付出感到十分欣慰。

本书的内容涵盖了《公司法》《外商投资法》《个人独资企业法》《合伙

企业法》《企业破产法》等涉及投资创业的主要法律及常用条文。本书尤其对

有限责任公司、股份有限公司和公司治理的核心内容进行了重点介绍，无论对

于一般的社会公众还是打算投资创业的人士，本书都是一本优秀的入门读物。

再次祝贺《秒懂企业法》作为“秒懂法律”系统丛书中的第三本顺利付梓，

期待蔡玮律律师坚守初心，继续做好“秒懂法律”系列书籍，创作更多大众化

的法律读物，为法律的普及乃至法治的建设贡献更多智慧和力量。

是为序。

李世刚 复旦大学法学院副院长 博士生导师

施鸿鹏 复旦大学讲师 法学博士



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序

在编写“秒懂法律”系列图书的过程中，笔者始终秉持“让法律更加贴近

生活，让更多的非法律专业人士了解中国法律”的初心，从普通人的故事中抽

丝剥茧，逐一分析其中的法律问题，使读者切身感受到法律也可以如此贴近生

活。正是基于这样的出发点，经过两年来坚持和创作，“秒懂法律”系列图书

已顺利出版了两部，分别是《秒懂知识产权法》和《秒懂经济法》，它的第三部，

也就是这本《秒懂企业法》，在诸多朋友和读者的鼓励、支持下，终于付梓。

众所周知，法律意义上的企业泛指一切从事生产、流通或者服务活动，并

以盈利为目的的经济组织，包含了个人独资企业、合伙企业和公司制企业。其中，

有关公司法的部分是本书的核心内容。公司是重要的市场主体，2021年，在中

国登记注册的公司数量达到8000万家，而这一数据在2013年仅为1033万家，

增长速度之快，令人瞩目。《公司法》是规范市场经济制度的基础性法律，我

国现行的《公司法》于1993年制定，几经修改完善，近30年来，对现代化企

业制度的建立和市场经济的健康、可持续发展，发挥了重要的作用。为适应经

济社会新形势新变化，解决实践中的突出问题，2021年12月24日新的公司法



秒 懂 企 业 法

修订草案，已经提请全国人大常委会审议，未来新修订的公司法的出台值得关

注和期待。

特别值得注意的是，2019年3月15日第十三届全国人民代表大会第二次

会议通过了全新的《外商投资法》，2020年1月1日起正式实行。《外商投资法》

一经实行，1979—1990年间颁布的《中外合资经营企业法》《中外合作经营企

业法》和《外资企业法》便完成了它的使命，全部退出历史舞台。《外商投资

法》的颁布实行，体现了中国政府继续深化改革、扩大开放的强烈意愿和决心，

其致力于解决跨国公司所面临的热点问题，例如强制技术转让、面向外商投资

企业的公平竞争环境、知识产权保护以及公共采购项目的参与权等，受到了广

泛关注。本书中，很多小故事里出现了外国投资者，也有很多外商在中国投资

办企业遇到的法律问题，它们均涉及《外商投资法》的相关内容。

除了《公司法》和《外商投资法》，为帮助更多的创业者在起步阶段了解

更多可选择的企业类型，笔者以单列章节的形式，编入了《个人独资企业法》《合

伙企业法》《企业破产法》的相关内容。并根据普通创业者全周期管理运营的

法律需要，专门开辟章节详细介绍了有限责任公司、股份有限公司和公司治理

相关内容。

“秒懂法律”系列图书的最大特色，在于它以讲故事的形式，生动形象地

串联起常见的法律问题，使看似生硬的法律变得活灵活现，也使有法律需求的

非法律专业人士特别是外国人，更加容易学习中国法律，从而达到在更广泛的

意义上普及中国法律的目的。

落笔至此，笔者要感谢母校复旦大学对我的培育，在复旦大学法学院四年

的学习使我收获颇丰也备感荣耀。本系列图书的漫画师为吴彩恩和黄昭霖，感

谢两位的努力及贡献，他们使得“秒懂法律”系列图书更加多元化。鉴于笔者

法律功底浅薄，专业能力有限，书中所讨论的法律问题难免不够严谨，若有疏

漏之处，请大家包涵并指正！

蔡玮律

 2022年2月1日



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目 

录

公　司　法

从设立到注销：公司的一生

故事一 设立公司要满足哪些条件？ ·················································002

故事二 为什么要制定公司章程？ ····················································007

故事三 公司资本要在何时缴纳？ ····················································011

故事四 公司并购是好事还是坏事？ ·················································015

故事五 公司分立后原来的公司去哪了？ ···········································019

故事六 什么样的公司可以上市？ ····················································023

故事七 大股东可以动用公司资产吗？ ··············································027

故事八 如何实现公司增资？ ··························································031

故事九 公司开不下去了怎么办？ ····················································034

故事十 公司无法经营了，可以寻求法院帮助吗？ ·······························038

故事十一 公司解散后的程序 ··························································042



秒 懂 企 业 法

VI

外 商 投 资 法

中国市场大有可为

故事一 外方能否与中方自然人合资？ ··············································048

故事二 准入前国民待遇与负面清单 ·················································053

故事三 进入禁止或限制投资领域会如何？ ········································058

故事四 限制领域中外商隐名持股是否有效？ ·····································062

故事五 登记程序有哪些？ ·····························································067

故事六 外币能自由汇入汇出吗？ ····················································072

故事七 必须向政府报告投资信息吗？ ··············································077

故事八 何种产业可享受国家优惠？ ·················································082

故事九 未经有关部门批准、登记的投资合同，是否有效？ ···················086

故事十 外商投资企业并购内资企业需遵守什么样的规定？ ···················090

有限责任公司

一起开一家公司

故事一 最常见的公司形式是什么？ ·················································095

故事二 设立公司需要做何准备？ ····················································099

故事三 为什么说股东会是最高权力机构？ ········································105

故事四 董事会需要履行什么义务？ ·················································109

故事五 监事会有哪些权力？ ··························································114



目 录

VII

故事六 股东如何履行出资义务？ ····················································119

故事七 法定代表人超越职权订立合同对公司有效吗？ ·························124

故事八 有股东想转让股权怎么办？ ·················································127

故事九 转让股份前必须告知其他股东吗？ ········································130

故事十 谁应当承担股东责任？ ·······················································133

故事十一 有限公司想扩大规模怎么办？ ···········································137

故事十二 一个人可以设立有限公司吗？ ···········································141

故事十三 国有资本有哪些经营形式？ ··············································145

故事十四 有限公司解散后要履行哪些程序？ ·····································147

公 司 治 理

用法律为公司保驾护航

故事一 谁是真正的股东？ ·····························································154

故事二 谁可以拿到股权？ ·····························································158

故事三 想保密自己的股东身份怎么办？ ···········································163

故事四 股东可以查阅公司所有资料吗？ ···········································168

故事五 股东如何退出公司？ ··························································174

故事六 股东不缴纳出资怎么办？ ····················································178

故事七 有人侵害公司利益怎么办？ ·················································183



秒 懂 企 业 法

股份有限公司

从股份有限公司看公司的本质

故事一 股份有限公司的特别之处 ····················································188

故事二 股份有限公司的诞生 ··························································192

故事三 股东大会有哪些权力？ ·······················································200

故事四 股份公司有哪些必备的架构？ ··············································206

故事五 如何转让股份公司的股份？ ·················································212

故事六 公司为什么要上市？ ··························································216

个人独资企业法

从创业之旅了解个人独资企业

故事一 一人如何创业？ ································································224

故事二 个人独资企业“消失”的具体流程 ········································229

合 伙 企 业 法

开辟创业新思路

故事一 怎样成为合伙人？ ·····························································235



故事二 合伙人可以自行转让份额吗？ ··············································238

故事三 合伙人变更后合伙债务怎么办？ ···········································241

故事四 未成年人可以成为合伙人吗？ ··············································244

故事五 有限合伙人可以以劳务出资吗？ ···········································248

故事六 有限合伙人不缴纳出资怎么办？ ···········································251

故事七 合伙人可以同本企业竞争吗？ ··············································254

故事八 有限合伙份额可以出质吗？ ·················································257

故事九 有限合伙人转让份额有何限制？ ···········································260

故事十 可以使用合伙份额还个人债务吗？ ········································263

故事十一 有限合伙人可以对外签合同吗？ ········································266

故事十二 退伙是否代表不用还债了？ ··············································269

故事十三 特殊普通合伙企业特殊在哪里？ ········································272

企 业 破 产 法

福祸相依

故事一 何种情形下企业可以申请破产？ ···········································277

故事二 债权人可以申请重整吗？ ····················································280

故事三 无法继续经营的企业只能破产吗？ ········································285

故事四 应该由谁申请破产清算？ ····················································288

故事五 企业无须破产了怎么办？ ····················································291

故事六 法院受理破产案件后会发生什么？ ········································295



故事七 破产期间企业如何运行？ ····················································299

故事八 专利是债务人的财产吗？ ····················································303

故事九 欺诈破产的后果是什么？ ····················································306

故事十 管理人在什么情况下可以撤销个别清偿行为？ ·························309

故事十一 企业破产时，有股东未足额缴纳出资怎么办？ ······················313

故事十二 破产企业占有的他人财产怎么办？ ·····································316

故事十三 出卖人有取回权吗？ ·······················································319

故事十四 破产期间产生的债务如何清偿？ ········································323

故事十五 与破产企业互负债务怎么办？ ···········································327

故事十六 未到期的债权属于破产债权吗？ ········································331

故事十七 破产企业处分占有的他人财产怎么办？ ·······························335

故事十八 债权人会议可以做什么？ ·················································340

故事十九 破产清算可以转为重整吗？ ··············································346

故事二十 重整计划的通过代表什么？ ··············································352

故事二十一 资不抵债的企业还想存续怎么办？ ··································359

故事二十二 谁可以优先受偿？ ·······················································364



通俗易懂  快速入门

蔡玮律，律师，知名金融公司法律顾问，具有良好的法律教育背景和丰富的实务工作经验。公众号“秒懂法律”作者，著有英文书籍《金融奇迹》。