本书详细论述了学术界较为成熟的企业成长理论，根据企业生命周期理论将企业成长划分为创业阶段、快速发展阶段、相对稳定阶段和二次创业阶段四个阶段，重点分析企业家、战略管理、人力资源管理、市场营销管理、企业文化、创新管理、运营管理、风险管理、社会资本等九大关键因素在不同阶段对企业成长的影响。本书以企业成长为因变量，以九大关键因素为自变量，并以企业生命周期的四个阶段为调节变量构建结构方程模型进行实证分析，并根据分析结果，对企业成长提出合理化建议。

前 言

如果将商业经济体比作一个生命体，企业则可以比作生命体的组织细胞，居于重要

的地位。宏观经济为企业提供了发展所必需的资源与环境，而作为微观个体的企业是否

能够健康平稳地成长与发展既关乎宏观经济的增长，又关乎微观环境的改善。然而关于

企业成长的学术研究起步较晚，远远滞后于企业经营实践。经济学和管理学是企业研究

的两个重要领域，宏观经济的发展似乎是经济学的主流研究，获得较多关注，而企业层

面的研究则往往游离于经济学的主流研究之外。在管理学领域，虽然企业成长是管理学

研究的重要方向，但是研究的重点仅局限于企业内部管理，缺少站在企业整体的视角上

对企业成长的研究。自亚当·斯密开始，涌现出众多学者形成不同学派，从不同的视角

构筑了企业成长的学术研究体系。随着商业经济的变迁，不断演进的新模式、新因素对

企业成长造成深远影响。因此，在不同时期学者们对企业以及企业成长的内涵、动因、

影响因素等都作出了不同的解释。在古典经济学和新古典经济学时代，企业与企业成长

被视为“黑箱”，如今在众多学者的不懈探索下，企业与企业成长的关系已经演变为理

论繁杂的“丛林”。企业成长理论的“丛林”包罗万象，距离形成统一、完善的理论体

系尚有一段距离，但通过对已有企业及企业成长理论的梳理，仍可以总结出目前企业成

长研究硕果累累的主干和逐渐繁茂的枝干。目前，学术界关于企业及企业成长理论中，

比较有影响力的研究主要有三大阵营：一是企业外生观点，即外部环境决定理论，认为

外部条件决定了企业和企业成长，企业只是被动接受这些条件，完成自己的生产功能；

二是内生观点，即企业内在能力对企业成长起决定性作用，因此内生理论致力于探讨企

业成长的关键因素，以这些关键因素为抓手，推动企业成长，将企业成长作为被解释变

量，分析影响企业成长的因素；三是企业成长生命周期理论，以拟人化、发展的眼光去

理解企业成长的动态特征和过程特性。

纵观学者们对于企业成长的研究，仍存在三个方面的局限性。第一，现有的研究多

以发达国家的健全经济环境为背景，对企业成长的外部环境过于理想化，忽略了外生因

素（如社会资本等）对企业成长的影响。第二，当前的研究多数是采用定性研究的方法，

缺乏有力的数据支撑研究结论，而数量有限的实证研究又往往由于地域、行业等方面的

限制而存在一定的局限性。第三，以往的研究主要是针对企业生命周期的某一阶段，缺

乏站在整个生命周期的视角下对企业成长的动态研究。



VI

本书关于企业成长的研究建立在深入理论研究的基础上，尤其以企业资源基础理论

为基本理论指导，以定量分析方法为主，辅以案例研究，深入探究企业家、战略管理、

人力资源管理、市场营销管理、企业文化、创新管理、运营管理、风险管理、社会资本

9大因素在企业生命周期的不同阶段对企业成长的影响。

本书通过实证研究从内生因素和外生因素两个角度综合考察影响企业成长的主要原

因，与传统的企业成长理论相比，以更全面的视角考察影响企业成长的内外在因素。此外，

本书将企业生命周期理论与企业成长的分析相结合，动态地分析了在企业不同发展阶段

影响企业成长的主要因素；将企业的收入、利润和市场增长作为衡量企业成长的主要指

标，在分析企业成长的影响因素时更具有针对性。本书的框架遵循着什么是企业→什么

是企业成长→企业如何成长→什么决定企业成长的路线，重点整理企业的本质（生产第

一性、交易第二性的组织）、企业的特性（契约性、异质性和协作性）、企业成长理论（以

资源基础理论为重点）、企业生命周期理论（以四阶段论为划分）、企业成长评价指标（以

收入、利润和市场增长为基准）、企业成长决定因素理论（综合内生和外生因素）。

本书的研究创新主要体现在以下几个方面：

（1）以往对于企业成长的研究更多地采用定性的方法进行描述性研究，我们采用

问卷调查定量的方法对企业4个不同成长阶段的关键影响因素进行全面实证研究，系统

完整地阐释企业成长的影响因素，完善了企业成长的理论研究，开拓了企业成长的实证

研究。

（2）综合考虑了企业成长的内生因素，以及影响企业成长的外部条件，全面研究

了影响企业成长的内外因素，克服了以往研究中只顾其一的局限。

（3）在研究9大因素在企业成长的4个阶段过程中发现，同一影响因素在企业不

同成长阶段所起到的影响作用不同。如企业家在创业阶段和快速发展阶段都对企业成长

具有显著的正向影响，而到了相对稳定阶段，企业家对于企业成长则不具有显著的影响，

到了二次创业阶段，企业家又恢复了对企业显著的影响。这表明在企业成立的早期，企

业家的魅力、能力和企业家精神可以有效地引领企业快速成长。随着企业进入相对稳定

阶段，企业的各项业务逐渐步入正轨，企业家个人的作用逐渐弱化。当企业逐步衰退，

进入二次创业阶段以后，企业家的领袖作用又重新得到凸显。

（4）在企业发展的某一阶段，并不是所有因素都起到关键作用，往往是几个因素

起到关键作用。在创业阶段，风险管理、市场营销、企业家对企业成长具有显著的影响；

在快速发展阶段，运营管理、企业家和技术创新三个因素会显著地刺激企业成长；而在

相对稳定阶段，人力资源管理、市场营销成为企业成长的首要动力；进入到二次创业阶

段以后，推动企业成长的因素则转变为企业家和市场营销。

（5）得出几个似乎“反常识”的结论。企业文化是公司的灵魂，但研究发现在相

对稳定阶段和二次创业阶段，企业文化对企业成长的影响往往是负的，这说明公司过分



VII

进行企业文化的塑造而忽视企业文化与企业战略的协同，反倒会对企业成长产生不利

作用。

本书关于企业成长的研究是一个比较宽泛的题目，是在研究前人理论和调研实践经

验的基础之上得出的实证研究成果，既具有一定的学术价值，也对商业实践有一定的指

导意义。未来可以对企业成长定量研究的结果进行更为深入的探讨，如可以按行业收集

更多数据，更加有针对性地对具体行业进行深入的研究，更好地丰富理论研究成果和对

企业管理实践有更大的贡献。

 王勇



目 录

第一章

企业本质与企业的特性 ··························································································1

第一节　企业本质 ····································································································2

一、企业作为生产组织 ·································································································2

二、企业作为交易组织 ·································································································3

三、企业作为内部知识、能力的集合体 ·······································································4

四、企业作为企业家创新的载体 ··················································································4

第二节　企业的特性 ································································································4

一、企业的契约性 ·········································································································5

二、企业的异质性 ·········································································································5

三、企业的协作性 ·········································································································5

第二章

企业成长与企业成长理论 ·····················································································8

第一节　企业成长 ····································································································9

一、企业成长的本质 ·····································································································9

二、企业成长机制 ·······································································································10

第二节　企业成长理论 ··························································································11

一、古典经济学：分工的规模经济利益 ·····································································12

二、新古典经济学：企业生产规模调整 ·····································································13

三、新制度学派：企业边界的扩大 ·············································································14

四、熊彼特：企业家的创新行为 ················································································16

五、资源、能力、知识基础理论：利用资源实现知识积累 ·······································17

六、制度变迁理论：内部制度改革 ·············································································17

七、演化经济学：形成惯例和动态能力 ·····································································18

八、生命周期理论：成长阶段的递进 ·········································································18



X

第三节　资源基础理论 ··························································································20

一、资源基础理论的基本假设 ····················································································23

二、资源基础理论的基本概念 ····················································································24

三、企业资源能力体系 ·······························································································25

第三章

企业生命周期理论 ··································································································30

第一节　生命周期理论主要学派 ···········································································31

一、经济学派：借鉴经济增长理论 ·············································································31

二、组织学派：借鉴组织成长理论 ·············································································31

三、生命学派：借鉴生命成长 ····················································································32

四、企业学派：来源于管理实践 ················································································34

五、综合学派：重视研究科学性和分析工具 ······························································35

六、我国学者对企业生命周期的研究 ·········································································35

第二节　企业生命周期阶段划分 ···········································································36

第四章

企业成长关键因素的理论研究 ·········································································40

第一节　企业成长动因理论 ···················································································41

一、企业成长的外生因素论 ························································································42

二、企业成长的内生因素论 ························································································42

第二节　企业成长关键因素研究 ···········································································43

一、企业家与企业成长 ·······························································································46

二、战略管理与企业成长 ····························································································56

三、人力资源管理与企业成长 ····················································································63

四、市场营销管理与企业成长 ····················································································68

五、企业文化与企业成长 ····························································································75

六、创新管理与企业成长 ····························································································83

七、运营管理与企业成长 ····························································································88

八、风险管理与企业成长 ····························································································96

九、社会资本与企业成长 ··························································································103

十、企业成长的评价体系研究 ··················································································112

十一、企业生命周期阶段划分及特征 ·······································································114



本书作者既有企业管理的实战经验，又拥有近二十年企业成长管理研究和企业高管教育经验。多年来与众多国内优秀企业保持密切联系，与企业家展开深度的沟通与交流，沉淀出中国企业成长之道。

王勇，博士，毕业于清华经管学院。主要研究领域：企业成长管理、企业并购重组。

曾任中国水利水电科学院水电模型厂厂长、国研网络数据科技有限公司副总经理。后加入清华经管学院，历任中国金融研究中心执行总监、EMBA教育中心主任、高管教育中心主任。现任院长助理，兼企业家学者项目办公室主任、合作发展办公室主任。曾任科陆电子科技、海洋王照明、瑞慈医疗、光大证券股份有限公司独立董事。