时序数据库是一种新型技术，主要用于工业互联网软件建设中。近年来，伴随着物联网技术在智能制造、交通、能源、智慧城市等领域的发展，时序数据库也发展迅速，成为搭建应用的必备数据库之一。《深入理解 InfluxDB》从 InfluxDB 的安装开始，一步步详细介绍 InfluxDB 的功能及原理，带领读者深入理解以 InfluxDB 为代表的时序数据库。

据IDC预测，全球数据将从2018年的33ZB（泽字节）增长到2025年的175ZB，年均复合增长率为23%。到2025年，全球联网设备会有1500亿台，其中大多数设备将产生实时数据。届时，实时数据将超过其他类型的数据，成为全球第一大数据。

智能制造2025、工业互联网、工业4.0等政策推动了时序数据库的发展，全球对工业品的需求逐年上升。中国作为工业大国，2020年开始大力发展新基建，时序数据库作为智能制造的基础软件，其发展也同步受到关注。

和操作系统一样，数据库属于基础软件，更新迭代慢，一旦使用，可以在生产环境运行十几年，替换成本高，且企业替换意愿不强。企业初期选择数据库会非常慎重，使用后无论是管理层、执行层，还是技术人员都很难主动提出替换建议。

替换成本高、周期长、风险高造成了企业只相信头部数据库产品。毫无疑问，目前使用最多、技术生态最完善的时序数据库之一就是InfluxDB。InfluxDB是一个开源的、高性能的时序数据库，在时序数据库榜单DB-Engines Ranking上排名第一。正因为如此，熟练掌握InfluxDB已成为相关开发者非常重要的一项技能。本书将带领大家从InfluxDB的基础开始，一步一步理解InfluxDB，相信这些内容会对大家有帮助。

如何阅读本书

本书既是教程，又是参考指南，同时也适合作为高校相关专业教材。如果读者刚刚接触时序数据库开发，按照本书的章节顺序学习定会有所收获。

本书共14章，每章的内容简单介绍如下： 

第1章主要介绍了什么是时序数据、InfluxDB是什么，以及InfluxDB的发展历史。

第2章主要介绍了InfluxDB的安装及配置。

第3章主要介绍了InfluxDB的可视化UI工具。

第4章主要介绍了InfluxDB的基本写入、查询操作。

第5章主要介绍了InfluxDB的常用函数和运算。

第6章主要介绍了InfluxDB的连续查询。

第7章主要介绍了InfluxDB的数据保留策略。

第8章主要介绍了InfluxDB的数据安全策略。

第9章主要介绍了InfluxDB的性能评估。

第10章主要介绍了InfluxDB集群相关内容。

第11章主要介绍了InfluxDB的数据备份与恢复。

第12章主要介绍了InfluxDB与程序设计。

第13章主要介绍了InfluxDB数据处理语言FLux。

第14章主要介绍了InfluxDB存储引擎知识。

读者对象

在本书的编写过程中，尽可能做到通俗易懂、由浅入深，不仅适用于初学者学习，也适用于专业人员学习。

本书可作为高校相关专业教材，也适合软件工程师、软件架构师、数据库工程师等从业人员阅读。

读者交流与图书反馈

本书的读者还可以访问InfluxDB专栏补充学习。该专栏搭建了一个供开发者交流学习的在线平台，阅读过程中如有疑问，也可以在网站上向作者提问，期待能够得到你们的真挚反馈。

由于作者水平有限，编写时间仓促，书中难免会出现一些错误或表达不准确的地方，恳请读者批评指正。我们也会将书中的勘误发布在专栏中，供大家参考。

编写说明

本书编写团队由业界一线研发人员组成，其中郑强负责全书的框架搭建及第1～9章的撰写，字数约28万字；张伟负责第10～13章的撰写，字数约6万字；刘爽负责第14章的撰写，字数约2万字。

致谢

感谢清华大学出版社的编辑，因为你们的帮助，这本书才得以问世。最后要感谢的就是你，我亲爱的读者，感谢你拿起这本书，你的认可是我们最大的快乐。

作者

第1章 时序数据库InfluxDB简介

1.1　数据简史 ······························································································2

1.1.1　什么是时序数据 ··················································································3

1.1.2　时序数据库的历史 ···············································································3

1.2　InfluxDB简介 ························································································4

1.2.1　什么是InfluxDB ··················································································4

1.2.2　InfluxDB的历史 ··················································································5

1.2.3　InfluxDB现状及未来 ············································································6

1.3　InfluxDB的基本概念 ···············································································7

1.4　InfluxDB的设计理念 ···············································································7

1.5　InfluxDB的核心特性 ···············································································8

1.5.1　内置REST接口 ··················································································8

1.5.2　数据Tag标记 ·····················································································8

1.5.3　类SQL的查询语句 ··············································································9

1.5.4　高性能 ······························································································9

1.5.5　开源 ·······························································································10

1.6　时序数据库的应用场景 ··········································································10

1.6.1　在工业环境监控中的应用 ····································································10

1.6.2　在物联网IoT设备采集存储中的应用 ·····················································11

1.6.3　互联网业务性能监控服务 ····································································11

1.6.4　在智能汽车中的应用 ··········································································12

1.7　小结 ··································································································12

第2章 InfluxDB的安装、配置、启动

2.1　在不同操作系统上安装InfluxDB································································14

2.1.1　硬件要求 ·························································································14

2.1.2　在Ubuntu和Debian系统中安装InfluxDB ···············································15

2.1.3　在RedHat和CentOS系统中安装InfluxDB ··············································20



2.1.4　在Windows系统中安装InfluxDB··························································21

2.1.5　在macOS系统中安装InfluxDB ·····························································22

2.1.6　使用Docker安装InfluxDB ···································································24

2.1.7　InfluxDB的端口设置 ··········································································25

2.1.8　InfluxDB 程序的使用 ··········································································25

2.1.9　InfluxDB的配置详解 ··········································································31

2.2　小结 ··································································································37

第3章InfluxDB UI数据可视化

3.1　InfluxDB UI ·························································································39

3.1.1　安装配置 ·························································································39

3.1.2　常用功能介绍 ···················································································41

3.2　Chronograf ·························································································47

3.2.1　安装配置 ·························································································48

3.2.2　常用功能介绍 ···················································································50

3.3　小结 ··································································································57

第4章InfluxDB基本操作写入与查询

4.1　客户端命令行方式 ················································································59

4.1.1　简介·······························································································59

4.1.2　使用InfluxDB ···················································································59

4.1.3　Influx基本命令·················································································61

4.2　数据样本 ····························································································62

4.2.1　空气传感器样本数据 ··········································································63

4.2.2　鸟类迁徙样本数据 ·············································································64

4.2.3　NOAA样本数据 ················································································64

4.2.4　美国地质勘探局地震数据 ····································································64

4.3　行协议 ·······························································································65

4.3.1　行协议案例 ······················································································65

4.3.2　行协议语法 ······················································································66

4.3.3　行协议要素分析 ················································································66

4.3.4　数据类型 ·························································································67

4.3.5　引号·······························································································68

4.3.6　特殊字符 ·························································································68

4.3.7　注释·······························································································69

4.3.8　重复数据 ·························································································69

4.4　桶操作 ·······························································································70



目 录

VII

4.5　写入操作 ····························································································71

4.5.1　写入数据 ·························································································71

4.5.2　文件数据导入 ···················································································72

4.6　查询操作 ····························································································73

4.6.1　select语句 ·······················································································74

4.6.2　类型转换 ·························································································77

4.6.3　where子句 ·······················································································78

4.6.4　函数 ·······························································································80

4.6.5　group by子句 ···················································································82

4.6.6　into子句 ··························································································85

4.6.7　排序 ·······························································································86

4.6.8　limit和slimit子句 ·············································································86

4.6.9　offset和soffset子句 ···········································································86

4.6.10　Time Zone子句 ················································································87

4.6.11　时间语法 ························································································87

4.7　小结 ··································································································88

第5章 InfluxDB的函数与运算

5.1　样本数据导入 ······················································································90

5.2　InfluxDB函数 ······················································································91

5.2.1　函数说明 ·························································································91

5.2.2　聚合类函数 ······················································································92

5.2.3　选择类函数 ······················································································94

5.2.4　转换类函数 ······················································································95

5.2.5　预测类函数 ······················································································98

5.3　数学运算 ····························································································99

5.3.1　常用运算符 ······················································································99

5.3.2　数学运算符的常见问题 ······································································101

5.4　小结 ································································································102

第6章 InfluxDB连续查询

6.1　连续查询 ··························································································104

6.2　样本数据导入 ····················································································104

6.3　创建连续查询 ····················································································106

6.3.1　<cq_query>语句 ···············································································106

6.3.2　连续查询运行时刻及查询的时间范围 ····················································107

6.3.3　连续查询举例 ··················································································107



6.4　复杂连续查询 ····················································································109

6.4.1　创建高级连续查询 ············································································109

6.4.2　高级连续查询的时间设置 ···································································109

6.4.3　GROUP BY time()、EVERY、FOR三者关系 ···········································111

6.4.4　高级连续查询举例 ············································································112

6.5　连续查询的管理 ··················································································113

6.5.1　查询所有连续查询 ············································································113

6.5.2　删除连续查询 ··················································································114

6.5.3　修改连续查询 ··················································································114

6.6　连续查询案例分析 ···············································································114

6.6.1　数据预处理 ·····················································································115

6.6.2　降低数据采样率 ···············································································115

6.6.3　HAVING功能 ··················································································116

6.6.4　替换嵌套函数 ··················································································116

6.7　小结 ·································································································117

第7章InfluxDB数据保留策略

7.1　保留策略 ···························································································119

7.2　创建保留策略 ·····················································································119

7.2.1　使用CREATE RETENTION POLICY创建保留策略 ························119

7.2.2　创建保留策略举例 ············································································121

7.3　查询保留策略 ····················································································121

7.4　修改保留策略 ····················································································122

7.5　删除保留策略 ····················································································123

7.6　综合实例 ··························································································123

7.6.1　样本数据 ························································································123

7.6.2　实验目标 ························································································124

7.6.3　实验过程 ························································································124

7.6.4　结论······························································································126

7.7　小结 ································································································126

第8章InfluxDB数据安全策略

8.1　认证技术 ··························································································128

8.1.1　简介······························································································128

8.1.2　认证方式 ························································································128

8.1.3　Token认证 ······················································································128

8.1.4　1.x版本兼容授权认证 ·······································································131



目 录

8.1.5　授权使用 ························································································137

8.2　权限类型 ··························································································142

8.3　用户管理 ··························································································143

8.4　权限控制实战 ····················································································146

8.4.1　创建与授权 ·····················································································146

8.4.2　测试效果 ························································································147

8.5　小结 ································································································149

第9章 InfluxDB性能评估

9.1　性能测试工具 ····················································································151

9.1.1　安装Go语言运行环境 ·······································································151

9.1.2　测试工具安装 ··················································································153

9.2　基准性能测试 ····················································································154

9.2.1　测试环境 ························································································154

9.2.2　写入性能测试 ··················································································154

9.3　性能优化 ··························································································157

9.3.1　数据写入优化方案 ············································································157

9.3.2　数据查询优化方案 ············································································157

9.4　性能报警 ··························································································159

9.4.1　创建检查 ························································································159

9.4.2　添加通知端点 ··················································································162

9.4.3　创建通知规则 ··················································································163

9.5　小结 ································································································164

第10章 InfluxDB集群

10.1　集群简介 ·························································································166

10.1.1　集群架构概述 ················································································166

10.1.2　数据所在的地方 ·············································································166

10.1.3　节点数量 ······················································································167

10.2　集群安装配置 ···················································································167

10.2.1　申请试用 ······················································································167

10.2.2　环境准备 ······················································································169

10.2.3　添加DNS条目 ···············································································170

10.2.4　Meta节点的安装配置 ·······································································171

10.2.5　Data节点的安装配置 ·······································································173

10.3　小结 ·······························································································176



第11章 备份管理

11.1　单机版备份管理 ················································································178

11.1.1　备份数据 ·······················································································178

11.1.2　恢复数据 ·······················································································179

11.2　集群版备份管理 ················································································180

11.2.1　备份数据 ·······················································································181

11.2.2　恢复数据 ·······················································································182

11.2.3　导出数据 ·······················································································184

11.2.4　导入数据 ·······················································································185

11.3　小结 ·······························································································185

第12章 InfluxDB与程序设计

12.1　Java SDK使用 ·················································································187

12.1.1　使用Java在InfluxDB中写入数据 ·······················································188

12.1.2　WriteApiBlocking ············································································192

12.1.3　使用Java查询InfluxDB中的数据 ·······················································193

12.1.4　queryApi ·······················································································195

12.1.5　使用Java为bucket添加权限 ·····························································196

12.1.6　连接InfluxDB的另一种方式—用户名和密码 ······································198

12.2　Python SDK使用 ··············································································200

12.2.1　使用Python在InfluxDB中写入数据 ····················································201

12.2.2　使用Python查询InfluxDB中的数据 ····················································202

12.3　小结 ·······························································································203

第13章 InfluxDB数据处理语言Flux

13.1　Flux概述 ························································································205

13.2　基本数据类型 ···················································································205

13.2.1　Boolean（布尔值） ·········································································206

13.2.2　Bytes（字节） ················································································206

13.2.3　Duration（持续时间） ······································································206

13.2.4　String（字符串类型） ······································································207

13.2.5　Time（时间类型） ··········································································207

13.2.6　Float（浮点类型） ··········································································208

13.2.7　Integer（整数类型） ········································································208

13.2.8　Null（空值） ·················································································209



13.3　查询数据源 ······················································································209

13.3.1　from()函数 ····················································································210

13.3.2　range()函数 ···················································································210

13.3.3　查询InfluxDB 1.x ············································································211

13.3.4　远程查询InfluxDB Cloud 或InfluxDB 2.x ··············································211

13.4　写入数据源 ······················································································212

13.5　小结 ·······························································································213

第14章 InfluxDB存储引擎

14.1　InfluxDB存储引擎历史 ·······································································215

14.2　LSM-Tree（LSM树）概述··································································215

14.2.1　LSM-Tree存储原理 ·········································································216

14.2.2　优势和问题 ···················································································220

14.3　InfluxDB数据格式 ·············································································220

14.4　TSM存储组件 ··················································································221

14.5　TSM file详解 ··················································································222

14.5.1　SeriesKey（时间序列关键字） ···························································223

14.5.2　Series Data Block ·············································································224

14.5.3　Series Index Block ············································································225

14.6　TSM数据写入 ··················································································227

14.6.1　写入总体框架 ················································································227

14.6.2　Shard路由 ·····················································································228

14.6.3　倒排索引引擎构建倒排索引 ······························································228

14.6.4　写入流程 ······················································································229

14.7　小结 ·······························································································230



《深入理解 InfluxDB》适合时序数据库工程师、物联网采集工程师、运维工程师阅读，也可供数据库爱好者、监控技术爱好者、工业互联网平台爱好者参考学习，还适合作为高校相关专业教材。