数据中心UPS系统运维在介绍UPS基本知识的基础上，着重介绍了当前数据中心主要使用的双变换在线式UPS的电路组成和工作原理，重点讨论了蓄电池配置的计算方法和UPS针对不同负载的选型计算方法，尤其对数据中心UPS配电系统供电方案、UPS的操作方法以及UPS主机和蓄电池组的巡检及维护方法进行了重点介绍。

数据中心UPS系统运维力求理论和实践相结合，书中所列UPS供电方案及运维保养方法普遍适用于当前主流的数据中心UPS供电系统。数据中心UPS系统运维是关于数据中心UPS运维工作流程的指导性教材，对数据中心UPS运维管理从业人员大有裨益。

前 言

自“十三五”规划明确提出实施国家大数据战略以来，大数据产业已成为我国数

字经济发展的重要引擎。数据中心是新基建的重要“数字底座”，是助推数字经济发展

的重要力量。在国家战略的指引下，推进数据中心产业高质量发展是全行业“十四五”

时期的重要任务。在全国数据中心建设数量快速增长的背景下，数据中心基础设施运维

管理人才短缺的问题日趋严重，已成为制约行业发展的重要因素。为提升数据中心基础

设施运维从业人员的整体技能水平，指导有关企业、教育机构的培训有效实施，由中国

智慧工程研究会大数据教育专业委员会牵头，北京慧芃科技有限公司组织编写了“新基

建·数据中心系列丛书”。

数据中心对系统连续稳定安全运行有着极高的要求，确保数据中心连续运行的两个

最基本的条件是供电不中断和连续制冷，而UPS则是数据中心供电系统中不可缺少的

设备，其在以服务器和网络系统为核心的数据中心中主要起到两个作用：一是应急使用，

防止突然断电而影响IT系统正常工作，丢失数据，给设备硬件造成损害；二是消除市

电上的电压浪涌、瞬间高电压、瞬间低电压、电线噪声和频率偏移等电源污染，改善电

源质量，为IT系统提供高质量的电源。因此，UPS直接关系数据中心电源系统可用性

的高低，数据中心对UPS设备的运行维护也提出了更高的要求。

本书在介绍UPS基本知识的基础上，介绍了当前数据中心主要使用的双变换在线

式UPS的电路组成和工作原理，重点讨论了蓄电池配置的计算方法和UPS针对不同

负载的选型计算方法，尤其对数据中心UPS配电系统供电方案、UPS的操作方法以及

UPS主机和蓄电池组的巡检及维护方法进行了重点介绍。本书是编者长期从事数据机

房UPS系统的规划、设计及运维工作实践经验的总结，力求将理论性和实践性相结合，

书中所列UPS供电方案及运维保养方法普遍适用于当前主流的数据中心UPS供电系统。

本书是关于数据中心UPS运维工作流程的指导性教材，一定会对数据中心UPS运维管

理从业人员大有裨益。

UPS系统涉及的知识点和内容比较多，本书注重对读者实际工作能力的培养，书

中的理论叙述以够用为度，很多知识点的论述并没有详细展开，读者可以自行对感兴趣

的内容进行更深入的阅读和学习。

在本书的编写过程中，编者参阅了许多相关参考文献和资料，在此对参考文献的原



IV

数据中心UPS系统运维

编著者表示敬意和感谢！在书稿内容及格式方面，得到了王其英老师、郑学美高工和同

事叶社文的指导和帮助，同事杨少林、兰凡璧在书中插图的绘制方面提供了大量帮助，

清华大学出版社的编辑老师在书稿统校及时间把控上给予了指导和帮助，在此对他们一

并表示感谢。

由于时间仓促和编者水平有限，书中的错误和不妥之处在所难免，希望广大读者批

评和指正！

编者

2022年6月



目 录

第1章　概述 ··········································································1

1.1　什么是UPS ··················································································1

1.2　UPS在数据中心的地位和作用 ··························································1

1.3　UPS的分类 ··················································································2

1.4　UPS的技术指标 ··········································································16

1.5　UPS的发展 ················································································23

习题 ································································································24

第2章　UPS控制电路基础 ····················································26

2.1　运算放大器 ················································································26

2.2　电压比较器 ················································································35

2.3　逻辑门电路和触发器 ····································································39

2.4　555时基集成电路 ········································································50

2.5　单片机 ······················································································57

习题 ································································································61

第3章　UPS的电路构成和工作原理 ·······································63

3.1　双变换在线式UPS的电路构成 ·······················································63

3.2　整流器 ······················································································64

3.3　逆变器 ······················································································86

3.4　旁路 ·························································································99

3.5　脉宽调制技术（PWM） ·······························································101

3.6　UPS其他主要电路 ······································································105

3.7　双变换在线式UPS的工作原理 ······················································113

习题 ·······························································································114



第4章　数据中心交流UPS的选择 ·········································115

4.1　UPS电源系统负载容量的确定 ·······················································115

4.2　UPS输出能力剖析 ······································································118

4.3　UPS总容量的确定 ······································································125

4.4　UPS的选型 ···············································································130

4.5　电缆的选择和接线 ······································································131

4.6　断路器的选择 ············································································134

习题·······························································································137

第5章　蓄电池 ····································································138

5.1　蓄电池在UPS系统中的作用 ·························································138

5.2　蓄电池的分类 ············································································139

5.3　阀控式密封铅酸蓄电池的构造和工作原理 ········································141

5.4　阀控式密封铅酸蓄电池的性能和基本参数 ········································146

5.5　放电控制技术 ············································································151

5.6　充电控制技术 ············································································154

5.7　蓄电池容量的计算与选择 ·····························································157

5.8　阀控式密封铅酸蓄电池常见的失效模式 ···········································161

5.9　阀控式密封铅酸蓄电池的使用与维护 ··············································163

5.10　新型电池 ·················································································170

5.11　大型数据中心蓄电池的规划与应用的几个问题 ·································172

习题·······························································································173

第6章　数据中心UPS供电方案 ···········································174

6.1　几个基本概念 ············································································174

6.2　UPS的供电方案 ·········································································180

6.3　数据中心UPS供电系统的发展趋势 ················································193

习题·······························································································194

第7章　直流UPS ································································195

7.1　数据中心高压直流供电（HVDC）系统概述······································195

7.2　240V HVDC系统的组成及工作原理 ················································198

7.3　240V高压直流供电与传统UPS供电的对比 ······································200

7.4　240V HVDC系统在数据中心的设计应用 ··········································210

7.5　巴拿马电源（10kV AC直转240V DC）简介 ·····································217

习题·······························································································221



第8章　UPS的操作、维护与保养·········································222

8.1　UPS的运行操作 ·········································································222

8.2　UPS的维护与保养 ······································································231

8.3　UPS的常见故障及处理方法 ··························································243

习题 ·······························································································250

第9章　EPS和其他电源 ······················································251

9.1　EPS简介···················································································251

9.2　磁悬浮飞轮储能系统简介 ·····························································259

9.3　储能系统的应用前景 ···································································263

习题 ·······························································································264

参考文献 ··············································································265



重点讲解了数据中心双变换在线式UPS的电路组成和工作原理、蓄电池配置的计算方法、不同负载UPS的选型计算方法、UPS配电系统的供电方案以及UPS蓄电池组的巡检及维护

书中涉及的UPS供电方案及运维保养方法普遍适用于数据中心UPS供电系统，对数据中心UPS运维工作流程具有指导性

作者长期从事数据机房UPS系统的规划、设计及运维工作，数据中心UPS系统运维是作者多年实践经验的总结

数据中心UPS系统运维不仅理论联系实际，更强调对实际工作能力的培养