数字孪生系统设计与实践"
本书以数字孪生平台顶层设计方法入手，对数字孪生软件系统的核心逻辑进行讲解，对数字孪生系统平台化实现进行描述，对数字孪生实现的核心路径—工业物联、智慧城市、通信网络—进行呈现。全书共 5 部分，第一部分介绍数字孪生技术发展趋势，第二部分介绍我国数字孪生产业发展需求，第三部分介绍开放式数字孪生体系架构，第四部分介绍通用数字孪生平台设计和实现，第五部分介绍数字孪生方案实践及未来展望。
丛书序
2019 年 6 月 6 日，工信部正式向中国电信、中国移动、中国联通和中国广电四家企业发放了 5G 牌照，这意味着中国正式按下了 5G 商用的启动键。
三年来，中国的 5G 基站装机量占据了世界总量的 7 成，地级以上城市已实现 5G“全覆盖”；近 5 亿 5G 终端连接，是全世界总量的 8 成；中国的 5G 专利数超过了美日两国的总和，在全球遥遥领先；5G 在工业领域和经济社会各领域的应用示范项目数以万计……
三年来，万众瞩目的 5G 与人工智能、云计算、大数据、物联网等新技术一起，改变个人生活，催生行业变革，加速经济转型，推动社会发展，正在打造一个“万物智联”的多维世界。
5G 带来个人生活方式的迭代。更加畅快的通信体验、无处不在的 AR/VR、智能安全的自动驾驶……这些都因 5G 的到来而变成现实，给人类带来更加自由、丰富、健康的生活体验。
5G带来行业的革新。受益于速率的提升、时延的改善、接入设备容量的增加，5G 触发的革新将从通信行业溢出，数字化改造得以加速，新技术的加持日趋显著，新的商业模式不断涌现，产业的升级将让千行百业脱胎换骨。
5G 带来多维的跨越。C 端消费与 B 端产业转型共振共生。“4G 改变生活，5G 改变社会”，5G 时代，普通消费者会因信息技术再一次升级而享受更多便捷，千行百业的数字化、智能化转型也会真正实现，两者互为表里，互相助推，把整个社会的变革提升到新高度。
近三年是 5G 在中国突飞猛进的三年，也是亚信科技战略转型升级取得突破性成果的三年。作为中国领先的软件与服务提供商、领先的数智化全栈能力提供商，亚信科技紧扣时代发展节拍，积极拥抱 5G、云计算、大数据、人工智能、物联网等先进技术，积极开展创造性的技术产品研发演进，与业界客户、合作伙伴共同建设“5G+X”的生态体系，为 5G 赋能千行百业、企业数智化转型、产业可持续发展积极做出贡献。
在过去的三年中，亚信科技继续深耕通信业务支撑系统（Business Supporting System，BSS）的优势领域，为运营商的 5G 业务在中华大地全面商用持续提供强有力的支撑。
亚信科技抓住 5G 带来的 B & O 融合的机遇，将能力延展到 5G 网络运营支撑系统（Operation Supporting System，OSS）领域，公司打造的 5G 网络智能化产品在运营商中取得了多个商用局点的突破与落地实践，帮助运营商优化 5G 网络环境，提升 5G 服务体验，助力国家东数西算工程实施。
亚信科技在 DSaaS（数据驱动的 SaaS 服务）这一创新业务板块也取得了规模化突破。在金融、交通、能源、政府等多个领域，帮助行业客户打造“数智”能力，用大数据和人工智能技术，协助其获客、活客、留客，改善服务质量，实现行业运营数字化转型。
亚信科技在垂直行业市场服务领域进一步拓展，行业大客户版图进一步扩大，公司与云计算的多家主流头部企业达成云 MSP 合作，持续提升云集成、云SaaS、云运营能力，并与其一起，帮助邮政、能源、政务、交通、金融、零售等百余个政府和行业客户上云、用云，降低信息化支出，提升数字化效率，提高城市数智化水平，用数智化手段为政企带来实实在在的价值提升。
亚信科技同时积极强化、完善了技术创新与研发的体系和机制。在过去的三年中，多项关键技术与产品获得了国际和国家级奖项，诸多技术组合形成了国际与国家标准。“5G+ABCDT”的灵动组合，重塑了包括亚信科技自身在内的行业技术生态体系。“5G 与 AI 技术大系”丛书是亚信科技在过去几年中，以匠心精神打造我国 5G 软件技术体系的创新成果与科研经验的总结。我们非常高兴能将这些阶段性成果以丛书的形式与行业伙伴们分享与交流。
我国经历了从2G落后、3G追随、4G同步，到5G领先的历程。在这个过程中，亚信科技从未缺席。在未来的 5G 时代，我们将继续坚持以技术创新为引领，与业界合作伙伴们共同努力，为提升我国 5G 科技和应用水平，为提高全行业数智化水准，为国家新基建贡献力量。
高念书
2022 年 9 月于北京
前? 言
2021年3月，国家“十四五”规划纲要明确提出要“探索建设数字孪生城市”，为数字孪生城市建设提供了国家战略指引。此后，国家陆续印发了不同领域的“十四五”规划，为各领域如何利用数字孪生技术促进经济社会高质量发展做出了战略部署。在“两化”领域，工信部发布的智能制造典型场景，将数字孪生列为被选用的通用技术。Gartner将数字孪生列为未来十大科技发展战略之一。
Markets 预测到 2023 年年底数字孪生市场规模将达到 157 亿美元，并以 38% 复合年增长率增长；2024 年将超过 210 亿美元，到 2025 年将突破 260 亿美元。数字孪生提供了无与伦比的跟踪、监视和诊断资产的能力，通过促进数据驱动的决策和协作、简化业务流程和新的业务模型，来改变传统的供应链。
随着“智慧泛在、数字孪生”的 6G 愿景成为业界共识，数字孪生技术也将在未来网络演进中发挥重要作用。结合数字孪生技术的数字孪生网络（Digital Twin Network）是实现未来自治网络的重要支撑，有望改变现有网络规、建、维、优的既定规则，成为 6G“重塑世界”的关键技术。
笔者认为，数字孪生不等同于三维可视化或工业仿真，在不同的行业领域数字孪生实现逻辑是有差异的，在所涉及业务的深度、顶层规划、逻辑、结构、路径、方法、关键技术、功能设计等端到端的实战打法上，需要实践经验和模式引领。亚信科技是最早推出数字孪生平台产品的厂商之一，得益于 5G 背景优势，对传统数字孪生表述的“连接派、数据派、仿真派”进行了技术融合和创新，在智能物联、智慧城市、通信网络智能化等方面积累了大量的实践案例经验。
在 2021 年度数字孪生城市核心技术代表企业图谱中，亚信科技被收录进关键企业之列。在 2021 年 TM Forum 催化剂项目凭借智能城市生态系统的开放数字孪生框架（Open Digital Twin Framework for Smart City Ecosystem）独得“行业影响力大奖”和“可持续创新大奖”。
在当今时代的风口浪尖，我们应该积极拥抱变化。笔者所在的亚信科技的价值观是“关注客户、结果导向、开放协作、追求效能、拥抱变化”。拥抱变化是亚信科技一直追寻的一个极其重要的方向。拥抱变化，开放协作，才能更好地面对挑战。
本书由亚信科技产品研发中心编写，编写组成员包括柏杨、陈果、鹿岩、赵立勋，同时感谢欧阳晔博士、齐宇、黄波、赵菲、任志东、王娟为本书出版所做的工作。同时感谢齐宇的审阅工作。本书参考文献可扫描下方二维码查看。
由于编者水平和精力有限，不足之处在所难免，若读者不吝告知，我们将不胜感激。
编者
2022 年 9 月
第一部分? 数字孪生技术发展趋势
第 1 章 数字孪生概述 ······································································· 2
1.1 数字孪生的前世今生·······································································3
1.1.1 孵化期（2000—2015 年） ·································································· 4
1.1.2 探索期（2015—2020 年） ·································································· 6
1.1.3 爆发期（2020 年以来） ····································································· 8
1.2 数字孪生的内涵与外延····································································9
1.2.1 百家争鸣 ······················································································10
1.2.2 数字孪生内涵 ················································································14
1.2.3 数字孪生外延 ················································································18
第 2 章 数字孪生赋能系统自智进化 ····················································21
2.1 企业数字化系统现状····································································· 21
2.2 数字中台架构面临的挑战······························································· 25
2.3 数字孪生驱动数智化升级······························································· 28
2.4 数字孪生奠定元宇宙基石······························································· 29
第二部分? 我国数字孪生产业发展需求
第 3 章 数字孪生顶层设计和规划引领 ·················································36
3.1 “十四五”规划纲要对数字孪生发展的指引 ······································ 36
3.2 “两化”融合领域········································································ 37
3.3 5G 网络领域 ··············································································· 41
3.4 信息技术领域·············································································· 43
3.5 城市发展领域·············································································· 44
3.6 综合交通领域·············································································· 45
3.7 工业生产领域·············································································· 46
3.8 能源安全领域·············································································· 47
3.9 建筑工程领域·············································································· 48
3.10 水利应急领域 ············································································ 49
3.11 标准构建领域 ············································································ 50
第 4 章 数字孪生产业链和业务生态体系 ··············································51
4.1 数字孪生标准化工作····································································· 51
4.1.1 智慧城市数字孪生标准 ····································································53
4.1.2 工业领域数字孪生标准 ····································································54
4.2 产业图谱···················································································· 55
4.2.1 数字孪生城市产业图谱 ····································································55
4.2.2 工业数字孪生产业图谱 ····································································56
4.3 技术流派···················································································· 59
4.3.1 数据派 ·························································································60
4.3.2 连接派 ·························································································60
4.3.3 仿真派 ·························································································60
4.4 业务体系···················································································· 60
4.4.1 宏观市场 ······················································································60
4.4.2 技术体系 ······················································································61
4.4.3 业务模式 ······················································································62
4.4.4 产品形态 ······················································································66
4.5 技术创新···················································································· 67
4.5.1 游戏引擎 + 云渲染 ··········································································67
4.5.2 AR/VR+ 元宇宙 ··············································································67
4.5.3 模型生产智能化、自动化 ·································································68
4.5.4 “CIM+ 数据编织”技术 ··································································68
4.5.5 数字线程技术 ················································································70
4.5.6 虚拟化技术 ···················································································70
4.5.7 多协议支持技术 ·············································································71
4.5.8 模型构建技术 ················································································71
4.5.9 多维数据支持技术 ··········································································71
第 5 章 数字孪生技术平台化需求 ·······················································72
5.1 数字孪生“千人千面”认知···························································· 72
5.1.1 数字孪生 + 物联网 ··········································································73
5.1.2 数字孪生 + 智慧城市 ·······································································76
5.1.3 数字孪生 + 工业互联网 ····································································81
5.1.4 数字孪生 + 智慧水利 ·······································································99
5.1.5 数字孪生 + 5G 网络 ······································································· 101
5.1.6 数字孪生 + 算力网络 ····································································· 102
5.1.7 数字孪生 + 元宇宙 ········································································ 104
5.2 业务触达需求·············································································108
5.2.1 业务端到端 ················································································· 108
5.2.2 运营场景化 ················································································· 109
5.3 通用能力需求·············································································109
5.3.1 数字化 ······················································································· 109
5.3.2 孪生化 ······················································································· 111
5.3.3 平台化 ······················································································· 111
5.4 定义“数字孪生平台”································································· 112
5.4.1 必要性 ······················································································· 112
5.4.2 意义和价值 ················································································· 113
5.4.3 适用场景 ···················································································· 114
第三部分? 开放式数字孪生体系架构
第 6 章 通用数字孪生平台关键性设计 ··············································· 116
6.1 数字孪生系统的核心逻辑······························································ 116
6.1.1 数字孪生流派融合曲线图 ······························································· 116
6.1.2 城市数字孪生业务地铁图 ······························································· 118
6.2 数字孪生平台的设计理念······························································ 119
6.2.1 开放式框架 ················································································· 119
6.2.2 模型资产化 ················································································· 121
6.2.3 可持续发展 ················································································· 122
6.3 数字孪生平台的设计方法······························································123
6.3.1 模型即服务 ················································································· 123
6.3.2 数据即服务 ················································································· 124
6.3.3 软件即服务 ················································································· 125
第 7 章 数字孪生系统架构 ······························································ 126
7.1 云原生中台能力··········································································126
7.1.1 技术中台 ···················································································· 126
7.1.2 数据中台 ···················································································· 127
7.1.3 智能中台 ···················································································· 128
7.1.4 业务中台 ···················································································· 128
7.2 数字孪生系统架构·······································································128
7.2.1 体系结构 ···················································································· 128
7.2.2 数字孪生模型 ·············································································· 129
7.2.3 数字孪生场景 ·············································································· 129
7.2.4 数字线程 ···················································································· 130
第 8 章 数字孪生系统设计实现 ························································ 131
8.1 设备孪生场景·············································································131
8.1.1 感知智能 ···················································································· 131
8.1.2 模型设计器 ················································································· 132
8.1.3 模型构建 ···················································································· 141
8.1.4 数据驱动 ···················································································· 141
8.1.5 可视化 ······················································································· 142
8.1.6 实时交互 ···················································································· 143
8.1.7 多维模型资产 ·············································································· 143
8.2 空间孪生场景 ············································································143
8.2.1 整体设计 ···················································································· 143
8.2.2 空间数据引擎 ·············································································· 145
8.2.3 空间服务引擎 ·············································································· 146
8.2.4 自服务控制台 ·············································································· 149
8.2.5 三维场景设计 ·············································································· 149
8.2.6 数据工具 ···················································································· 158
8.2.7 地址工具 ···················································································· 160
8.2.8 空间注智引擎 ·············································································· 161
8.3 人员孪生场景·············································································161
8.3.1 虚拟“数字人” ··········································································· 161
8.3.2 数字员工 ···················································································· 164
8.3.3 数字人体 ···················································································· 165
第四部分? 通用数字孪生平台设计和实现
第 9 章 数字孪生平台设计 ······························································ 170
9.1 概念设计···················································································170
9.2 参考功能架构·············································································171
9.3 参考技术架构·············································································174
9.4 参考接口定义·············································································175
第 10 章 数字孪生平台功能设计 ······················································· 176
10.1 孪生体设计器 ···········································································176
10.2 场景构建工具 ···········································································177
10.3 自动拓扑工具 ···········································································180
10.4 地理三维能力 ···········································································181
10.5 模型资产管理 ···········································································182
10.6 可视化能力 ··············································································183
10.6.1 天气组件 ··················································································· 183
10.6.2 光影滤镜 ··················································································· 183
10.6.3 云渲染 ······················································································ 184
10.6.4 场景相机 ··················································································· 184
10.6.5 模型材质 ··················································································· 185
10.7 图表卡片 ·················································································185
10.8 组件管理 ·················································································185
10.9 运行规则管理 ···········································································187
第 11 章 数字孪生平台运营模式 ······················································· 188
11.1 SaaS 化运营 ·············································································188
11.1.1 开放门户 ··················································································· 189
11.1.2 租户管理 ··················································································· 189
11.1.3 订购管理 ··················································································· 190
11.2 孪生模型资产运营 ·····································································191
11.3 算力资源运营 ···········································································191
第五部分? 数字孪生方案实践及未来展望
第 12 章 泛在连接：AIoT 场景的数字孪生实践 ···································· 194
12.1 AIoT 发展应用特点 ····································································194
12.1.1 AI 和物联网的融合 ······································································ 194
12.1.2 AIoT 数字孪生应用场景 ································································ 196
12.2 数字孪生技术在 AIoT 中应用的场景 ··············································197
12.2.1 数字孪生助力数字建模 ································································· 197
12.2.2 数字孪生助力一体化的仿真验证 ····················································· 198
12.3 AIoT 数字孪生整体方案 ······························································198
12.3.1 AIoT 数字孪生架构 ······································································ 198
12.3.2 AIoT 数字孪生模型建模 ································································ 201
12.3.3 AIoT 数字孪生实例化管理 ····························································· 204
12.3.4 AIoT 数字孪生场景编排 ································································ 205
12.4 AIoT 数字孪生应用场景实例 ························································205
12.4.1 智慧能源 ··················································································· 205
12.4.2 智慧园区 ··················································································· 207
12.5 AIoT 数字孪生的业务价值 ···························································208
12.5.1 模拟仿真 ··················································································· 208
12.5.2 监控 ························································································· 210
12.5.3 评估 ························································································· 212
12.5.4 预测 ························································································· 213
12.5.5 优化 ························································································· 215
第 13 章 数智融通：城市时空场景的数字孪生实践 ······························· 216
13.1 城市数字孪生应用特点 ·······························································216
13.1.1 城市信息模型 ············································································· 219
13.1.2 实时感知 ··················································································· 220
13.2 数字孪生技术在城市管理中应用的场景 ··········································222
13.2.1 城市规划场景应用 ······································································· 222
13.2.2 交通场景应用 ············································································· 222
13.2.3 安全预警场景应用 ······································································· 223
13.3 城市数字孪生整体方案 ·······························································223
13.3.1 城市数字孪生架构 ······································································· 223
13.3.2 城市数字孪生的关键性设计 ··························································· 224
13.4 城市数字孪生应用场景实例 ·························································225
13.4.1 智慧展馆 ··················································································· 225
13.4.2 智慧矿山 ··················································································· 226
13.4.3 智慧机房 ··················································································· 227
13.4.4 智慧楼宇 ··················································································· 230
13.4.5 智慧水务 ··················································································· 231
13.4.6 数字乡村 ··················································································· 233
13.5 城市数字孪生的业务价值 ····························································234
第 14 章 仿生自智：通信网络场景的数字孪生实践 ······························· 236
14.1 5G 网络发展应用特点 ·································································236
14.1.1 5G 网络自动驾驶网络战略目标 ······················································ 236
14.1.2 运营商网络数字孪生应用场景 ························································ 237
14.2 数字孪生技术在网络中应用的场景 ················································237
14.2.1 ToB 行业网络数字孪生应用 ··························································· 238
14.2.2 数字孪生助力自智网络实现 ··························································· 240
14.2.3 数字孪生助力智慧运维 ································································· 243
14.3 网络数字孪生整体方案 ·······························································245
14.3.1 网络数字孪生定义 ······································································· 246
14.3.2 网络数字孪生的架构 ···································································· 246
14.3.3 网络数字孪生关键技术 ································································· 249
14.3.4 网络数字孪生模型建模 ································································· 257
14.3.5 网络数字孪生实例化管理 ······························································ 262
14.3.6 网络数字孪生场景编排 ································································· 263
14.3.7 网络数字孪生智慧运维应用 ··························································· 264
14.4 网络数字孪生应用场景实例 ·························································265
14.4.1 运营商重保场景网络数字孪生应用 ·················································· 265
14.4.2 垂直行业网络数字孪生专网监控 ····················································· 266
14.4.3 无线自智网络数字孪生场景应用 ····················································· 267
14.4.4 核心网网络数字孪生场景应用 ························································ 268
14.4.5 算力网络数字孪生应用 ································································· 274
14.4.6 数通网络数字孪生场景应用 ··························································· 276
14.4.7 数字孪生实现 6G 网络边缘智能 ······················································ 278
14.5 网络数字孪生的业务价值 ····························································281
后记····························································································· 282
从关键技术到核心功能，为读者完整呈现数字孪生系统设计的认知探索与实践总结。
为读者提供可参考的数字孪生技术架构。
丁盈，现任亚信科技研发中心数字孪生与 GIS 产品与方案规划部总监、高级专家。拥有 18 年通信行业软件产品规划和设计经验，负责数字孪生市场和产品体系的业务咨询、顶层设计、产品规划、研发和商业化落地。
朱军，博士，现任亚信科技研发中心数据智能技术与产品高级规划总监暨首席架构师。负责数智产品的整体技术架构设计与产品创新规划，并为大型企业客户提供数智化转型解决方案及架构设计等咨询服务。
王晓征，现任中国移动集团首席专家，中国移动浙江
公司信息技术与数据管理部总经理，兼中国移动（浙江）创新研究院常务副院长，高级工程师。多年来一直致力于运营商数字化转型发展，获评“2021 年度数字化发展先锋人物”“2020 年度数字化发展风云人物”等奖项。
