
作为热流体工程科学中最具挑战性的研究课题之一,沸腾现象在微型能源系统、微电子和发光二极管冷却、高密度紧凑式装置或系统、高热流密度散热和热管理等方面的应用,以及沸腾现象的复杂性和多样性一直受到高度关注,其物理本质的研究因而成为一大热点。本书从微细尺度沸腾研究基础理论、沸腾的微尺度特征和理论、微尺度沸腾与传递现象的描述、微尺度沸腾传递的应用几个侧面分析这一领域的最新进展,系统地描述了这一现象并给出了基础理论的框架。
本书可供大学和研究院所力学、热物理、能源、微电子等专业的研究人员和本科高年级学生、研究生阅读参考。
This book is based on the excellent fundamental research of Prof. X. F. Peng. Many unique micro transport phenomena during boiling with their corresponding mechanisms have been investigated. This will serve as a special reference for
researchers interested in the field of microscale boiling.
Boiling exists widely in the natural world, with boiling heat transfer has been employed in many practical applications. However, due to the highly nonequilibrium and coupled driven effects of the various physical potential, boiling heat and mass transfer is extremely complicated and many interesting phenomena are triggered under different specified conditions. Nowadays, the rapid development of practical engineering applications of boiling in cooling of electronic devices, thermal management of aerospace and micro energy systems, and micro-manufacturing, promote a strong demand for better understanding of microscale transport phenomena and create a notable shift of thermal science and heat transfer research from macroscale to microscale. Consequently, in recent decades, more and more investigations have been conducted to explore the micro transport phenomena during boiling. This book reviews and summarizes the new achievements and contributions of recent investigations, including the outstanding fundamental research conducted by the writer and his co-authors. The fundamentals for conducting investigations on micro boiling, microscale boiling and transport phenomena, boiling characteristics at microscale, and some important applications
of micro boiling transport phenomena are introduced and discussed.
Chapter 1 introduces the background and industrial applications, as well as the research history of boiling, and then, the critical concept of "micro boiling" is described. In Chapter 2, some important thermal physics concepts and principles involved in boiling phenomena, such as phase and phase equilibrium, phase transition, interfacial aspects, contact angle and dynamical contact behavior, and cluster dynamics are described in detail. Chapter 3 introduces new understandings of boiling nucleation and achievements in the latest 20 years. Cluster theory is used to analyze the dynamic characteristics of nucleus formation, with theories for the characteristics of liquid-to-vapor phase change heterogeneous nucleation, and bubble evolution. In Chapter 4, the phase change and interfacial behavior of subcooled pool boiling on ultrathin wires are investigated experimentally and numerically, and a series of interesting phenomena is observed visually and analyzed. In Chapter 5, the complex subcooled boiling phenomena on fine wires is investigated under weakened gravity, and a bubble dynamics equation incorporating the thermocapillary effect is proposed to investigate various kinds of bubble motion such as slippage, separation, collision, oscillation and leaping, indicating that the thermocapillary effect on the bubble interface is very important for the bubble motion. Chapter 6 describes experimental investigations on phase-change transition, bubble nucleation, and bubble dynamics in microchannels conducted by the author and co-workers, including the new concepts of "evaporating space" and "fictitious boiling". Furthermore, the nucleation criterion in microchannels is derived by utilizing thermodynamics and cluster dynamics. Chapter 7 describes experimental investigations conducted to visualize the boiling phenomena, covering nucleate, transition and film boiling regimes and for individual water droplets on the heating surfaces. The oscillation of sessile droplets is investigated experimentally and numerically. Chapter 8 describes the boiling phenomena in micro structures and porous media; the dynamic behavior of bubble interfaces in a confined space, replenishment of liquid during boiling, interfacial heat and mass transfer in pores and occurrence of dryout are analyzed further. Chapter 9 presents visualizations of explosive boiling nucleation phenomena in micro capillary tubes, and liquid exploding emissions, with a correlation for the critical
heat flux derived from a scaling analysis.
Prof. Xiaofeng Peng passed away suddenly on Sept. 10th, 2009. As the supervisor of his Ph. D work before 1987 and his research co-worker for a long time, I write this preface with great sadness as a permanent memory to him. I hope this book is helpful and provides inspiration for many researchers and students.
I want to express my appreciation to my colleagues, particularly Prof. Qiang Yao and Prof. Yuanyuan Duan, for their great support and many helpful suggestions. I also thank his research group for their help in preparing the manuscript for
publication.
Bu-Xuan Wang
Tsinghua University, Dec., 2009
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Critical Technology 1
1.2 History and Trends of Boiling 2
1.3 Micro Boiling 3
References 4
2 Thermal Physical Fundamentals 6
2.1 Phase and Phase Equilibrium 6
2.2 Phase Transition 9
2.3 Interfacial Aspects 12
2.4 Contact Angle and Dynamical Contact Behavior 16
2.4.1 Contact Angle at Equilibrium 16
2.4.2 Contact Angle Hysteresis 17
2.4.3 Dynamical Contact Angle 19
2.5 Cluster Dynamics 21
2.5.1 Clusters 21
2.5.2 Number Balance of Activated Molecules in a Cluster 21
2.5.3 Cluster Evolution with Internal Perturbations 24
2.5.4 Cluster Evolution with External Perturbations 25
References 26
3 Boiling Nucleation 28
3.1 Nucleus Formation 29
3.1.1 Mean Free Path 29
3.1.2 Self-Aggregation 29
3.1.3 Aggregate Formation 31
3.1.4 Critical Aggregation Concentration 33
3.1.5 Infinite Aggregation Formation 34
3.1.6 Physical Configuration of Nucleus Formation 35
3.2 Interfacial Effects on Nucleation 36
3.2.1 Nucleus Structure Evolution 36
3.2.2 Interfacial Tension of a Nucleus 37
3.2.3 Modification of Nucleation Rate 38
3.3 Microscope Activation near a Flat Surface 39
3.3.1 Liquid Behavior near a Heated Wall 39
3.3.2 Nucleation Position 42
3.3.3 Embryo Bubble Evolution 44
3.4 Bubble Evolution from a Cavity 46
3.4.1 Description of Heterogeneous Nucleation 46
3.4.2 Nucleation with One Barrier 50
3.4.3 Heterogeneous Nucleation with Two Barriers 54
References 59
4 Jet Flow Phenomena 60
4.1 Experimental Phenomena 61
4.1.1 Boiling on a Plate Heater 61
4.1.2 Boiling on Small Wires 64
4.2 Bubble-Top Jet Flow Structure 69
4.2.1 General Features 69
4.2.2 Jet Structure 70
4.2.3 Multi Bubble-Top Jet Flow 71
4.3 Dynamical Behavior of Bubble-Top Jet Flows 72
4.3.1 Jet Flow Evolution 72
4.3.2 Competition and Self-Organization of Jet Flows 75
4.4 Models of Bubble-Top Jet Flow 78
4.4.1 Governing Equations 78
4.4.2 Fundamental Considerations 79
4.5 Characteristics of Bubble-Top Jet Flow 80
4.5.1 Jet Flow Driving Force and Pumping Effect 80
4.5.2 Jet Flow Bifurcation Phenomenon 82
4.6 Formation of Bubble-Top Jet Flow 85
4.6.1 Temperature Evolution 85
4.6.2 Temperature Evolution on Bubble Interface 88
4.6.3 Flow Evolution 89
References 91
5 Bubble Dynamics on Fine Wires 92
5.1 Modes of Bubble Motion 93
5.1.1 Bubble Sweeping 93
5.1.2 Bubble Interaction 95
5.1.3 Bubble Oscillation Phenomena 97
5.1.4 Bubble Leaping 99
5.2 Fundamentals of Bubble Dynamics 102
5.2.1 Thermocapillary Force 102
5.2.2 Force Caused by Bubble Motion 104
5.2.3 Dynamic Equation 107
5.3 Bubble Sweeping Dynamics 108
5.3.1 Single Bubble Sweeping 108
5.3.2 Bubble Separation from an Immobile Bubble 109
5.3.3 Separation of Two Equivalent Moving Bubbles 113
5.3.4 Separation of Two Non-Equivalent Bubbles 114
5.4 Bubble Collision Dynamics 115
5.4.1 Collision with an Immobile Bubble 115
5.4.2 Collision of Two Equivalent Bubbles 117
5.4.3 Bubble Coalescence 118
5.5 Bubble Oscillation 119
5.5.1 Temperature Profile of a Two Immobile Bubbles System 119
5.5.2 Bubble Oscillation Characteristics 120
5.5.3 Bubble Oscillations with Various Effective Viscosities 122
5.5.4 Coupling Bubble Oscillation 124
5.6 Bubble Leaping Dynamics 126
5.6.1 Dynamical Description 126
5.6.2 Simple Leaping Dynamics 128
5.6.3 Heat Transfer Performance during Bubble Leaping and
Sweeping 131
References 131
6 Boiling in Micrchannels 133
6.1 Experimental Observations 134
6.1.1 General Behavior 134
6.1.2 Nucleation Superheat 135
6.1.3 Experimental Phenomena 137
6.2 Physical Explanation 138
6.2.1 Evaporating Space and Fictitious Boiling 138
6.2.2 Thermodynamic Evidence 139
6.2.3 Cluster Dynamical Evidence 141
6.3 Nucleation Criterion 143
6.3.1 Thermodynamic Analysis 143
6.3.2 Statistical Mechanics Approach 145
6.3.3 Dynamic Model 149
6.4 Nucleation Kinetics 151
6.4.1 Bubble Evolution Dynamics near Critical Radius 151
6.4.2 Nucleation in Confined Space 154
6.5 Bubble Dynamic Behavior with Local Heating 158
6.5.1 Experiments 158
6.5.2 Phase Change Behavior 159
6.6 Interface Oscillation 160
6.6.1 Periodic Feature 160
6.6.2 Evaporating Interface 163
6.6.3 Condensing Interface 167
References 172
7 Boiling in Droplets 175
7.1 Oscillation of Sessile Droplets 176
7.1.1 Experimental Observations 176
7.1.2 Oscillatory Behavior 179
7.1.3 Physical Understanding 181
7.2 Model of Droplet Oscillation 184
7.2.1 Physical Model 184
7.2.2 Flow Characteristics 184
7.3 Transitional Boiling Behavior 188
7.3.1 Experimental Description 188
7.3.2 Restricted Cyclical Phase Change 190
7.3.3 Single-Bubble Cyclical Phase Change 191
7.3.4 Metastable Cyclical Phase Change 193
7.4 Droplet Spreading During Evaporation and Nucleation 194
7.4.1 Phenomenon Observations 194
7.4.2 Influencial Factors 195
7.4.3 Spread Area and Spread Speed 197
7.4.4 Heat Fluxes 199
References 200
8 Boiling in Micro-Structures and Porous Media 201
8.1 Experimental Observations 202
8.1.1 Test Apparatus 202
8.1.2 Low Applied Heat Flux 203
8.1.3 Moderate Applied Heat Flux 207
8.1.4 High Applied Heat Flux 207
8.2 Bubble Behavior in Bead-Packed Structure 208
8.2.1 Boiling Process 208
8.2.2 Static Description of Primary Bubble Interface 210
8.2.3 Comparison of Results 212
8.3 Replenishment and Dynamic Behavior of Interface 214
8.3.1 Replenishing Liquid Flow 214
8.3.2 Dynamic Behavior of Bubble Interface 216
8.3.3 Interfacial Heat and Mass Transfer at Pore-Level 219
8.4 Pore-Scale Bubble Dynamics 222
8.4.1 Introduction 222
8.4.2 Discrete Rising Bubble 223
8.4.3 Bubble Departure Interference 225
8.5 Occurrence of Dryout 226
8.5.1 Lateral Bubble Coalescence and Local Vapor Patch
Formation 226
8.5.2 Dryout 227
8.5.3 Discussion and Comparison 228
References 231
9 Explosive Boiling 233
9.1 Experimental Phenomena 234
9.1.1 Visual Observation Test 234
9.1.2 Jet Flow in/from Mini Tubes 236
9.1.3 Exploding Emission from Micro Tubes 239
9.2 Temperature Behavior During Emitting 241
9.3 Theoretical Discussion 244
9.3.1 Geometrical Parameters 244
9.3.2 Critical Emitting Heat Flux 244
9.3.3 Asymmetrical Effect 247
References 249
Index 250
Postscript 254
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